大学物理上(英文版)期末复习资料整理

1、Concept Summery for FP FINAL 2012 spr.Chapter 1 【force and motion】(1 Concept1.particle: ideal object with mass, neglect size, shape, internal structure .When the size of the object is much less than its moving range. It could be treat as a particle.2.description:equation of motion/position vector/di

2、splacement/Velocity (vector/speed(scalar/acceleration/instantaneous velocity/Angular velocity/acceleration circular motion =>Common particle motions: Circular motion, projectile motion and general curvilinear motionmon force: Gravity/ Elastic force/ Friction/ Universal gravity4.Newtons law of mot

3、ion:FIRST Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. SECOND The change of motion is proportional to the net force exert on the object, and occurs on the direction of the net force.THIR

4、D If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude to and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.5.Galilean relativity: You can not determine whether a frame is still or move at aconstant speed by mechanical experiment in th

5、is frame. This is called the Galilean relativity.(2 Calculation:1.v=dx/dt a=dv/dt 积分应用2.力学动力学过程分析Chapter 2【Conserved quantities and laws in motion】1.(1Centroid: The center of mass of the system is called centroid. (2 Theorem of motion of centroid:No matter how distribution in mass of the body and ho

6、w external froces are exerted on the body, the movement of centroid is like that all the mass as well as all the external force are focused at this point. (理解:炮弹飞行轨道上爆炸其质心运动的轨迹不变。2. (1Theorem of momentum:during movement of a body, the increase of its momentum is equal to the impuse of the resultant

7、external force(合外力. (2 Law of conservation of momentum If the resultant force of the system is zero, then the total momentum of the system is constant. (can be in just one direction 3. Work: It is equal to the product of the displacement and the projection of the force in the direction of the displa

8、cement. Energy is a general measure of various forms of motion, is monotropic function of the state of the body, and reflects its ability of doing work.Theorem of kinetic energyThe change of kinetic energy of a mass point is equal to the work by the resultant force.4. conservative force:If the work

9、by a force is independent on the motion path but only depends on the initial and end point of the body, we call such kind of force as conservative force.potential energy: The positon-dependent energy of a mass point in the conservative force field. It is a kind of underlying energy, and different fr

10、om kinetic energy.5.kinetic energy theorem of system of mass pointsThe sum of works by all the external and internal forces on the system is equal to the increase of the total kinetic energy of the system.(书上例子:两个质点组成的系统 Work-energy theorem of system of mass points(?When the system changes from stat

11、e 1 to state 2, the increase of its mechanical energy is equal to the sum of works by external forces and nonconservative forces. 6.law of conservation of mechanical energy: If there are only works by internalconservative forces on the system, or the sum of works by nonconservative forces and extern

12、al forces is equal to zero, then we say that the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the bodies in the system can be transverted into each other but without changing the magnitude of the mechanical energy.7.law of conservation of energy:The sum of all forms of energy of a closedsystem remains

13、 constant no matters how the state of the system changes. The energy can only changes from one form into another form, or transfers from one body onto another body within the system.8.Angular momentum: Law of conservation of angular momentum:If the moment of force on the mass point is zero relative

14、to a given point O, then the angular momentum of the mass point relative to point O remains constant.Chapter 3【Motion of rigid body and fluid】1. Rigid body: a rigid body is an idealization of a solid body of finite size in which deformation is neglected.(rigid body is a continuous mass distribution.

15、 The motion of each mass element obey the law of particle motion. The motion of the rigid body is the summation of each mass element.2.Freedom degree: Number of independent variables to determine the position of an object, it indicates the degree of freedom.(1 particle->3 fd/2 particles->5 fd/

16、3 or more->6 fd3. moment:4. Law of fixed axis rotation of rigid body:(M为总外力矩,分析转动问题时利用安培右手定则判断方向,力矩方向均为沿着Z轴方向,便于分析Rotational inertia:单个质点:J=mr2 (熟记几类特殊模型的转动惯量,并学会转动惯量的求解过程,十分重要5. work and energy principle of fixed axis rotation 6. law of angular momentum and the conservation law of angular moment

17、um【angular momentum】(矢量:方向沿Z轴Law of angular momentum of fixed axis rotation: Conservation law of angular momentum Chapter 5【Kinetic theory of gases】1.description of thermal motion:State parameters1Macroscopic quantity(宏观量: Quantities that represents the macroscopic stateof a equilibrium state(PVT2Mi

18、croscopic quantity(微观量:Quantities that represent the traits of certain particle in the system. (mass, radius, velocity, momentum, energyEquilibrium stateA system that is in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings.【Thermal equilibrium is dynamical equilibrium】Quas

19、i-static processA quasi-static process often ensures that the system will go through a sequence of states that are infinitesimally close to equilibrium, in which case the process is typically reversible.State equation of ideal gas 2. The basic traits of thermal motion:eternal motion and constant col

20、lision.3. *Accidental event:large amount of unpredictable events. Many times observations could lead to a distribution of these events, thus get the statistical regular.4.Micro-model of ideal gas(理想气体微观模型:自由无规则运动的弹性球。5. pressure formula of ideal gas:The nature of temperature and its statistical sign

21、ificance:Average kinetic energy Temperature represents the severity(剧烈程度 of the thermal motion of large amount of molecules.6.*The root mean square speed of the gas molecule(计算分子的的平均平动动能 Most probable speed(vp: In a certain temperature, the gas with its speed magnitude close to vp take up the most p

22、ercentage.(一定温度下,速度大小在vp附近的分子的概率最大->(speed distributionMean speed: 分子速率大小的算术平均值。(计算分子运动的平均距离FP FINAL REVIEW INFORMATION BY ZYQ 7. The freedom degree of molecule： 单原子：3 双原子：5（3 平+2 动） 多原子：6（3 平+3 动） Energy equipartition theorem: In thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its var

23、ious forms. If the freedom degree of the gas molecule is i, thus the average kinetic energy of a molecule is ikT/2. 8. The internal energy of ideal gas：The internal energy of ideal gas = the summation of the kinetic energy of all the molecules. 9.*Maxwell speed distribution：The percentage of the mol

24、ecular number allocated in the unit speed interval near v. To a certain molecule, it denotes that there is a possibility this molecule is allocated in this speed interval Chapter 6【Fundamental thermodynamics】 1. Law of thermodynamics: zerothIf body A is at thermal equilibrium through thermal contact

25、ing with body B which is at a definite state, whereas body C is also at thermal equilibrium through thermal contacting with body B, then body A and body C are at equilibrium when they contact with each other. (温度是决定一个物体是否能与其他物体处于热平衡的宏观性质 FIRST (外界对系统传递的热量一部分使系统的内能增加，另一部分用于系统对外做功 SECONDKelvins statem

26、ent: No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and the conversion of this heat into work.(不可能制成一种循环动作的热机， 只 从一个热源吸取热量，使之全部变为有用的功而不产生其他影响 Clausiuss statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body.（热量不

27、可能自动地从低温物体传向高温物体） 2. quasistatic process of ideal gas 6 FP FINAL REVIEW INFORMATION BY ZYQ （1） 【Isochoric process】(等体过程：系统不对外做功，dQ=dE Isochoric molar heat capacity The Isochoric internal energy change （上式适用于所有过程，因为理想气体内能只与温度有关） （2） 【Isobaric process】 （等压过程：体积膨胀，对外做功） Isobaric molar heat capacity * (

28、Ratio of molar heat capacity （3） 【Isothermal process】 （等温过程，系统对外做功，压强体积乘积保持不变） （吸收的热量和 所作的功相等，内能不变） （4）*【Adiabatic process】 （绝热过程，Q 为 0，完全密闭） 3. Carnot cycle: 7 FP FINAL REVIEW INFORMATION BY ZYQ The deduction of the efficiency of forward Carnot cycle： 4.Free energy: the amount of work that a thermo

29、dynamic system can perform. The free energy is the internal energy of a system minus the amount of energy that cannot be used to perform work. This unusable energy is given by the entropy of a system multiplied by the temperature of the system.Like the internal energy, the free energy is a thermodyn

30、amic state function. 5. Principle of entropy increase: (1entropy: (2Principle of entropy increase: any irreversible processes taking place in an isolated system lead to the increase of entropy of the system. Only during those reversible process the entropy is unchanged. Chapter 7【Fundamental thermod

31、ynamics】 1. The electrostatic equilibrium of conductor(导体的静电平衡:No directional movement of free charge on the surface or inside the conductor, the charge distribution reaches stable。 2. Capacitance （电容） Capacitance is a physical quantity represents the capacity of ： charge store, its physical meaning

32、 is: the charge amount needed to rise unit potential of the conductor. 3. Dielectric（电介质） ：substance with very high resistivity, or very small conductivity. The bonding force between electron and nucleus is very strong. If all the electrons are in bound state, the substance is ideal insulator 4. The polarization of dielectri