高中英语定语从句用法归纳

1、高中英语定语从句用法归纳of whom和of which用法归纳1. of表示同位关系:即用于在A+of+B结构,其中的A和B为同位关系。如:Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子,都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话来。Weve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof.我们已经测试过300种靴子,没有一种是完全防水的。2. of表示整体与部分的关系:即用于“部分+of+整体(which, wh

2、om”结构。如:He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a c limb. 他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人,它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students.

3、 我遇到了摘水果的人们,其中有几个人是大学生。3. of表示所属关系:即of用于构成所有格。如:Hes written a book the name of which Ive forgotten. 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配:即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。如:Hes married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚,你可能听

4、说过这个人。(介词of与动词hear构成固定搭配,意为“听说”注意:介词of后面除接关系代词which, whom外,有时也可能是whose。如:She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 她有一个玩具熊,它的两只眼睛都丢了。关系副词when用法说明关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如: There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do

5、what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用th at, which等。如:Dont forget the time (that, which I

6、ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。关系副词where用法归纳关系副词when主要用于修饰表示地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如: This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a

7、 bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如:We hav

8、e reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下,mi ghty一词可用作副词。He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工

9、作。关系副词why用法说明关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词(主要是the reason,同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:Thats one of the reasons (why, that I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之

10、一。另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.关系代词which重要用法说明关系代词which只用于指事或物,不用于指人,它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如:She was not on the train which arrived just now.

11、 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train,在从句中用作主语He never got back the money which he had lent him. 他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money,在从句中用作宾语which用于引导限制性定语从句外,还可以引导非限制定语从句。如:The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上,船帮被撞出一个大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted hersel

12、f. 她送给我这件羊毛衫,这是她亲手织的。This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly.这台机器我已经照管了20年,现在仍然没一点儿毛病。which有时也可用作定语,尤其用于“介词+which+名词”这类结构中,此时的whic h含有this或that的意味。如:He may be busy, in which case Ill call later. 他可能忙,如若如此,我以后再来拜访。I may have to work late, in which case Ill

13、 telephone. 我可能得晚点下班,那样我会打电话的。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了,这时我就决定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官,在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep.邮递员早晨6点30分来,这

14、个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因,它的大部分信息很可能已经过时。有时其前也可以没有介词。如:He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他学经济学,这种知识现今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follo

15、w with difficulty. 他说希腊语,我听起来很吃力。关系代词which有时可用于指人。原则上说,which用于指事物,不用于指人。但以下情况属于例外:1. 用于在指人的名词之后,指不强调性别的婴儿:He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩2. 当不是指具体的某人,而是指人的属性(如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等时,则也用关系代词which而不用who。如:They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒,他真是叛徒。She talk

16、ed like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人,其实她不见得是。在非常正式的文体中,代词that后可以接一个修饰它的定语从句,这个定语从句通常用which来引导。如:They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。在现代英语中,that which通常用what来代替。如:We have that which (=what we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。That which (=What many people s

17、ay is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。谈谈分离型定语从句所谓语分离型定语从句,主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型:1. 先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如:He found the dictionary there he was looking for. 他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。2. 将定语从句置于句末。如:Something was going to

18、 happen that was to change the world. 当时有件事就要发生,这件事将改变世界的面貌。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。The day will come when we will all have robots. 人人都有机器人的时代,总有一天会来临的。注意,分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因,并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提,否则就不要使用这类句子。如:He hid the gun in the cellar

19、 which his wife found.这个句子是有岐义的:如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar,则句子意思为:他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun(属分离修饰,则句子意思为:他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1. 基本区别根据定语从句与先行词的关系,可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来,限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分,如果省略会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号;而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充

20、说明,即即使去掉,也不会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如: This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。句中的you want为限制性定语从句,如果去掉,意思就不清楚。He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书,非常有用。句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句,如果去掉,句子意思仍是清楚的。2. 关系词的区别关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句,不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如:她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。误:Sh

21、e received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise.正:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系代词which用作宾语时,如果不是紧跟在介词之

22、后,通常可以省略;但在非限制性定语从句中,不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。3. 用法注意当一个名词已由其他词语作了完整的表述,这个名词后则不宜再用限制限制性从句,而应改用非限制性定语从句。如:我去看买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。误:My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.正:My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.若要用限制性定语从句,则应将物主代词my改为the,即说成:The house which I bought las

23、t year has got a lovely garden.4. 补充说明非限制性定语从句有时形式上是从句,实质上其功用相当于一个并列的分句。如:He said he had no money, which was not true. 他说他没有钱,这不是实话。(which 相当于but itThen he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who相当于and sheMy father may have to go into hospital, in which case wont be going on ho

24、liday.我父亲可能需要住院,如果那样他就不去度假了。(in which case相当于and in that case关系词、关系代词与关系副词用于引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词根据其词性的不同,可分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。1. 关系代词:主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,它们在句子中可用作主语(如that, which, who等、宾语(如that, which, whom等和定语(如which, whose。如:Is he the man that se

25、lls dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?She is the girl who won the prize. 她就是获奖的姑娘。Ive found the book which I was looki ng for. 我找到了我要找的书。She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。She is the woman whom I gave the money to. 她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。2. 关系副词:主要有whe

26、re, when, why等,它们在句子中主要用作状语。如:This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。Ill never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。关系代词who, whom, whose 用法说明关系代词who, whom的用法who和whom均只用于指人,不用于指事或物,其中who在定语从句中用作主语,wh om在定语从句中用作宾语。如:I met

27、 a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林,他第一次遇见那个女人,后来他终于跟她结了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met bef ore. 她把我介绍给她丈夫,我以前没见过他。但是,用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后,通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如:The person to whom I complained is the mana

28、ger. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。关系代词whose的用法关系代词whose既可用于指人,也可用于指事或物,它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如:She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is t

29、rying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学,她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心酸的景象。关系代词which重要用法说明关系代词which只用于指事或物,不用于指人,它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如:She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train,在从句中用作主语He never got back the mone

30、y which he had lent him. 他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money,在从句中用作宾语which用于引导限制性定语从句外,还可以引导非限制定语从句。如:The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上,船帮被撞出一个大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她送给我这件羊毛衫,这是她亲手织的。This machine, which I have looked after for t

31、wenty years, is still working perfectly.这台机器我已经照管了20年,现在仍然没一点儿毛病。which有时也可用作定语,尤其用于“介词+which+名词”这类结构中,此时的whic h含有this或that的意味。如:He may be busy, in which case Ill call later. 他可能忙,如若如此,我以后再来拜访。I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone. 我可能得晚点下班,那样我会打电话的。He lost his temper, at which point I

32、 decided to go home. 他发脾气了,这时我就决定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官,在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep.邮递员早晨6点30分来,这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much

33、 of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因,它的大部分信息很可能已经过时。有时其前也可以没有介词。如:He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他学经济学,这种知识现今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty. 他说希腊语,我听起来很吃力。关系代词which有时可用于指人。原则上说,which用于指事物,

34、不用于指人。但以下情况属于例外:1. 用于在指人的名词之后,指不强调性别的婴儿:He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩2. 当不是指具体的某人,而是指人的属性(如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等时,则也用关系代词which而不用who。如:They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒,他真是叛徒。She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人,其实她不见得是。在非常正式的

35、文体中,代词that后可以接一个修饰它的定语从句,这个定语从句通常用which来引导。如:They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。在现代英语中,that which通常用what来代替。如:We have that which (=what we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。That which (=What many people say is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。关系代词that用法归纳一、指人的用法that用于指人

36、,在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如:A driver that has knocked someone down must stop. 撞人的司机必须停车。(关系代词that指driver,在从句中作主语He is the man that you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。(关系代词th at指man,在从句中作宾语He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(关系代词that指man,在从句中作表语二、指物的用法that用于指物,在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如:This is the plane

37、 that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon. 这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。(关系代词that指plane,在定语从句中作主语She was annoyed by something that I had said. 她为我说的某句话而不高兴。(关系代词that指something,在定语从句中作宾语Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be. 深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。(关系代词that指city,在定语从句中作表语from which与from where的区别有朋友问到from which与from

38、 where 有何区别(问题见:http:/www.yyg 关于from which的用法比较好理解,这里主要说说from where的用法。fr om where主要有以下两个用法:用法一:用于引导非限制性定语从句,在意义上相当于and from there(从那儿。如:He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the dista nce. 他躲在一棵树上,从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the pr

39、ocessi on. 我们爬上屋顶,从那儿可以很好地观看游行。用法二:可视为where前省略了the place,即这样用的from where 相当于from the place where,意思是“从的地方”“离的地方”。如: From where I stood I could see everything clearly. 从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood. 汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处突然停住。The school was only a few blocks from

40、 where she lived. 学校离她的住所只有几个街区的距离。若遇到前面是地点名词的先行词,如何判断用where还是from where还是f rom which?请看下面一个句子:I have bought that house, _I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge .我们认为这道题填where 和from where 语法上都可以(但不宜填from which,但两者在意义上稍有区别:I have bought that house, where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Y

41、angp u Bridge. 我买下了那栋房子,在房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。I have bought that house, from where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge. 我买下了那栋房子,从房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。在许多情况下,用不用from 不会导致语法错误,但会导致语义变化(通常情况下是,如果没有from,意思会不够明确和清楚。比较:He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking. 他躲在床

42、下面,他可以从床下听到他们谈话。(句中的from where 可理解为from under the bed,意思是“从床下面”He hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking. 他躲在床下面,在床那儿他听到他们谈话。(句中的where 可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等,意思不够明确如何使用“介词+关系代词”结构对于“介词+关系代词”结构的使用,重点是要弄清其中的介词如何确定和判断。归纳起来,有以下几点方法:1. 根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如:Water is the natural

43、 medium in which fish live. 水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live inThe documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search forThis is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about注意,对于那些由动词与介词构成的短语动词,通常不宜将它们拆开使用,此时应注意介词的位置应。如:The boy (w

44、hom my sister is looking after is getting better.不能说成:The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.2. 根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。如:Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested. 物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(注意搭配be interested inHe referred me to some reference books with whi

45、ch I am not very familiar. 他我要去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配be familiar with3. 根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。如:This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk. 这是我们的教室,前面有老师的讲台。(注意搭配in the front of our classroomIll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. 我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。(注意搭配on the day4.

46、 根据句意来确定介词的使用。如:This is the book from which I got the story. 这就是那本书,从中我读到这个故事。(由于句意含有“从”的意思,所以用介词fromThis I did at nine oclock, after which I sat reading the paper. 九点钟时我做这事,之后我坐着看报。(由于句意含有“在之后”的意思,所以用介词after关系代词where与from where有何区别where用作关系副词引导定语从句时,由于它本身在意义上相当于“介词+which”,所以其前通常无需再用介词。如:This is the

47、 hotel where (=in / at which they were staying. 这就是他们当时住的旅店。She has a safe in her closet where (=in which she keeps her jewelry. 她在壁橱内装有一个保险箱存放她的珠宝。但有时我们也可见到from where的用法,这时因为from是一个比较特殊的介词,因为它有时可以后接介词短语作宾语。如:Come out from under the table. 从桌子下边出来。所以,尽管关系副词where在意义上相当于“介词+which”,有时由于语义的需要,也可在where之前

48、使用介词from。如:We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession. 我们爬上屋顶,从那儿可以很好地观看游行。关系代词as用法说明一、引导限制性定语从句用在such, same, as 等之后,引导限制性定语从句。如:I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和汤姆住在同处。Hes not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can affo

49、rd. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。二、引导非限制性定语从句(2 单独用作关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前、之后或中间,且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如:As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料,他终于成功了。I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我饭后喝咖啡,这是我的习惯。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在参加会议,这是可以预料到的。三、as与which的用法区别引导限

50、制性定语从句的区别:as用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时,它通常只用于such, same, as 等之后,而which 用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时,则用于除such, same, as 之外的其他结构。引导非限制性定语从句的区别:which引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只能位于主句后,而as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前、之后或中间。根据从句谓语动词的特点来看,as在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词,但which不受此限制。如:Li Ming was late, which (=and this made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了,这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as根据句意的逻辑性来看,as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事,但w hich不受此限制。如:He married her, as which was natural. 他和她结婚了,这是很自然的。He married her, w