lecture 6_method one

1、Research Methods研究方法Introduction 导论23 April / eveningLearning Objectives 学习目标 Purpose and importance of the subject课程目的及重要性 Content of the subject 课程内容 Goals and expectations for the subject课程目标及期望 Assessment 考评 Lecture/seminar format 讲课/讨论形式Subject Goals 课程目标To understand the process of, and the va

2、rious approaches used in, social sciences research (in particular connection to tourism studies) (结合旅游研究的情形)学习了解社会科学研究的过程及其中所应用的方法Subject Goals 课程目标（续）to enable students to critically review publish material and other research and consultancy reports能够用研究的眼光浏览已出版的资料、其他的研究以及咨询报告 to prepare students w

3、ith the necessary skills required to undertake a substantial supervised research project掌握开展实际研究项目所必备的技能 to enable students to experience the process of preparing a properly constructed proposal for a research project体会一项研究项目开题报告的准备过程Lecture Content 课程内容Broad themes 五个主题: Basic introduction 基本介绍 Met

4、hodology 方法论Data collection techniques 数据收集方法Data analysis techniques 数据分析方法 (简要涉及) Validity, reliability, trustworthiness Report preparation, ethics 报告的准备、研究道德Lecture Format 授课形式 You can only learn research by doing research. 只有通过做调研才能学习调研方法。Each lecture is divided into two sessions: 每一讲分为两个部分： Lec

5、ture 讲课 Discussion/seminar 讨论/案例Assessment （成绩）评估 100% continuous assessment 持续评估 3 different assignments 三种不同的课外作业 Both qualitative and quantitative 有定性与定量方法The Textbook 教材社會學研究方法(第二版) / 風笑天著京：中國人民大學出版社，2005第2章Getting Started 研究的研究的开始Learning Objectives学习目标 How to set research purpose and objective

6、s 如何确立研究目的和研究目标 How to identify research questions如何确定研究问题 How to develop the core research questions 如何将思想集中到研究的核心问题 How to identify sub questions如何确定次要问题 How questions shape a research process 如何将问题形成研究过程Introduction 导言 Research is about answering questions研究是关于回答问题的 If you do not know what the qu

7、estion is, youcannot answer it 如果你不知道问题是什么，你就无法回答它 Key to good research Know specifically which problem you are trying to solve作好研究的关键-明确知道你试图解决的问题 This topic looks at: Problem identification 问题识别 Problem focusing 问题集中Conducting Research What is Research? 什么是研究？ Problem solving 解决问题What are Research

8、 Problems and/or Questions? 研究问题是什么？TermsResearch purpose/purpose (problem) statementResearch objectivesResearch questions(c.p., research propositions, and hypotheses) Research question/statement研究问题/陈述 Sub questions 次要问题Research Question 研究问题A one-sentence statement or question outlining the key go

9、al that your research project seeks to address用一句话或一个问题来陈述或概括你的研究项目要努力实现的关键目标 Can be supported by a small number of sub-questions 可以用一小部分次要问题进行支持 Summarize the essence of the research into one sentence 将研究的实质概括为一句话Why? 为什么？ What do I really want to find out?我到底想要得出什么？ A well-defined problem is a pro

10、blem half solved.很好地界定一个问题就已将问题解决了一半。 Guidelines: 指导：-conceptual framework of the research-研究的概念框架- Methodology 方法论- type and amount of data to be collected资料搜集的类型和数量- how data will be analyzed 将如何分析数据- how results will be presented 如何报告结果The Process 过程 Moving from unstructured problems to specific

11、questions 从杂乱的问题到明确的问题 Soft systems approach 软系统研究方法 Most research issues begin as vague problems 大部分研究问题开始都是很模糊的 Often the original issue identified proves not to be the main problem最初看到的问题通常到后来不是主要的研究问题Soft System Approach 软系统研究方法 Recognizes the open nature of many tourism problems 问题的开放性 Recogniz

12、es the need to think broadly about an issue 进行广泛思考的必要性 Begins with an unstructured problem/area 从一个杂乱的问题或领域开始Hard System Mode 硬系统模型 Problem is clearly defined研究问题逐步明确/清晰 Tactical approach is adopted研究方法已确定Focusing 集中 Steps in focusing questions集中问题的步骤 Iterative process重复的过程Unstructured Problem杂乱的问题S

13、pecific Research Question明确的研究问题Narrowing the Scope of the Problem缩小问题的范围 Iterative重复 Think about the answers required, notdata needs解决问题的答案 所要收集的数据“数据”服务于 “问题”What are the Broad Issues?什么是大问题？ Why is it an issue? 为什么它是一个问题？ What is the broad question and why is this questionimportant? 什么是主要问题以及为什么这

14、个问题很重要？ What do you really want to find out? 你想找出什么样的答案？ What is the real question? 真正的问题是什么？ Can you do anything about the real question? 你能为解决这一真正的问题做些什么吗？ Can the question be asked in a different way? 这一问题能以不同的方式提出来吗？ What is the final research question? 最后的研究问题是什么？ How to operationalize it conce

15、ptually/Is it feasible? 如何进行概念性的操作？是否可行？Typical Problems确定问题时常见的弊病 Questions too vague and unfocused问题太模糊、太分散 Questions of too large a scale问题涉及范围太大 Questions mis-directed 问题方向不明 Questions conceptually unsound问题的概念性描述不佳 Move from broad to specific too quickly从宽泛的问题到具体的问题转换过快Operationalizing the Rese

16、arch Question 研究问题的操作 Identifying sub-questions识别次要问题 developing a small number of supporting questions that answer the key questions找出一小部分支持性问题来回答关键问题Operationalization Issues操作性问题 Practical issues to consider考虑实际问题 Can it be done?它可以操作吗？Operationalization Issues 操作性问题 Does the researcher have 研究者是

17、否： time to conduct the research?有时间来进行研究？ financial resources to conduct theproject? 有资金来实施研究项目？ appropriate facilities and resources?有适宜的设施和资源？ supervisors with the right skills?有具备适当技能的管理人? expertise? 有专门技能？Possible Approaches可能的方法 Consider different conceptual approaches to the question考虑关于解决该问题的

18、各种概念性方法 Consider different methodological approaches考虑解决该问题的各种方法论途径 Be creative 具有创造性Steps in Developing the Problem Statement 问题陈述的完成步骤 Identify research purpose 确定研究目的 Formulate research objectives 确定研究目标 Convert objectives into research questions 将研究目标表述成研究问题 devise sub-questions if needed to bes

19、t address the nature of the problem under study 确定二级确定二级问题以便对研究课题有最佳把握Example of Problem Statement from a PhD dissertationWhat Does a Problem Statement Contain?问题表述包括什么？ The problem statement does not necessarily have to becontained in one sentence or a single paragraph. It maybe appropriate to use a number of paragraphs to clearlystate the study problem. Thus, it may include anintroductory/background statement, the researchq