汉译英实用技巧介绍_多定语与长定语的处理

1、» 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved httpv'a MYeoch Yourself汉译英实用技巧介绍（vn）多定语与长定语的处锂（王跃戎上海交通大学王大伟上海海运学院）一、译例评析：中文的定语一般都在被修饰词之前，而英语的定语位置则比较灵活。在汉译英的时候，如何将 多个定语的关系理顺，结构摆平也是需要一定技巧的。本文介绍若干种处理办法：将多个定语分 别安置在被修饰词之前和之后，以求结构平衡。将英语隔离的词组定语改为从句定语，以便使修 饰关系更为清

2、楚。在后置定语特别长或结构比较复杂的情况下应考虎引入从句结构，使语法修饰 关系更清晰。在定语过长时，重复被修饰词，可起到截断长定语和分流信息的作用。在定语超 长，特别是在主干结构语义不突显的情况下.可改变整个句型，例如町让汉语的定语结构转为英语 的主谓结构。（一）平衡前置定语与后證定语例1.我国进行了卓有成效的双边和多边外交活动。译文 1 .China has conducted fruitful bilateral and multilateral diplomatic activities.译文2. China has conducted fruitful diplomatic activ

3、ities in both bilateral and multilateral contexts.“活动“之前有四个修饰定语：“卓有成效”、“双边”、“多边”、“外交"，在英译时将两个定语前 置，两个后置，显得十分平衡。如果像译文1中四个定语全部前置，则定语显得太长了一些。（二）将英语隔离的词组定语改为从句定语有时英语后窗定语词组与被修饰词之间被其它词语隔离开来.造成其修饰关系不易看清。这时 可用升格为定语从句的办法来澄清修饰关系。与词组相比，从句是相对独立的结构，有自己的主语、 谓语、宾语，便于读者看清语法关系和修饰关系。因此，当词组的修饰关系显得模糊不清时，将其 升格为whic

4、h/thatl导的从句便可能使整句的语法关系显得更清晰。例2.本市冇进出口经营权的所有企业（包括外商投资企业）在进行国际运费费用结算时必须 使用“统一发票”。译文 1力 enterprises of this municipality authorized with the right to import or export must use the Uniform Invoices in their international transport fee settlement.译文 2. AU enterprises of this municipality that are authori

5、zed with the right to import or export must use the Uniform Invoices in their international transport fee settlement.衽译文I中，authorized引导的后置定语与被修饰对象All enteiprises被隔离开厂 读者可能看 不清 authorized 是修饰 All enterprises,还是 this municipality,译文 2 改用从句 that are authorized,只足 能修饰复数的All enterprises,因此译文准确无误。（三）将长定语译

6、为从句例3.（.包括以下几种合同：）专有技术许可合同。专有技术许可合同是指提供或者传授未公 开过、未取得工业产权法律保护的制造某种产品或者应用某项工艺以及产品设计、工艺流程、配方、 质量控制和管理等方面的技术知识的合问。译文 1. Contracts for licensing of know-how. Contracts for licensing of know-how refer to those for provision or impartment of technical knowledge for manufacturing a product or applying a tec

7、hnology as wellHtlWas for product designs, technological processes, formulae, quality control and management neither publicized nor under legal protection of industrial property rights.译文 2. Contracts for licensing of know-how. Contracts for licensing of know-how refer to those for provision or impa

8、rtment of technical knowledge for manufacturing a product or applying a technology as well as for product designs, technological processes, formulae, quality control and management which is neither publicized nor under legal prvtectioii of industrial property rights.汉语中的前置定语“提供或者和管理等方面”，长达58个字，修饰“技术

9、知识的合同”。在 英语中不宜使用过长的前置定语，可考虔转为后定语。但由于后覺定语会很长，往往要引入从句 结构才能描述清楚。如译文1不使用which is,读者很难发现neither publicized nor under legal protection 在修饰远处的technical knowledge.,译文2加上which is后，便于读者有更多的时间去思考句中的语 法关系，而且is提示读者which应指代一个单数名词。（四）重复被修饰的中心词例4.对在设备的搬迁和拆除、沉船的打捞、水下工程的善后处理中，遺留有妨碍航冇和作业 安全的隐息，对违法单位处以10000元至30000元的罚款。

10、译文 1 A fine from 10000 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, arising from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.译文 2.A fine f

11、rom 10000 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, which arise from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.译文 3 A fine from 10000

12、 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, hazards arising from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.“陰患"前的定语长达37个字，英译时按后置定

13、语处理。但由于定语太长，其间的语法关系较 复杂。译文lfflarising来修饰被隔离开的hazards,读者可能会误以为它修饰safb operation或navigation and safe operation0译文2作了一些改进，将arising改为从句which arise0因为arise是复数形式，缩 小了修饰范围，不可能修饰safb operation。但它未能彻底解决问题，因为它可能修饰navigation and safe operation,译文3将被修饰词hazards作为同位语重复一遍。由干名词hazards的语义比which更 突显，所以全句的结构也就变得一清二楚了。

14、第二个hazards把长定语截为两段，分流了信息，容易 分别看僅。（五）改变句型结构例5.这是我们党領导全国各族人民继续沿着有中国特色社会主义邁路闻步前进的五年.译文 1 These are the five years in which our Party has led the people of all nationalities in our country in continuing to take big strides on the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics*译文2In the five years, our P

15、arty has led the people of all nationalities in our countxy in continuing to take big strides on the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.“五年”餡面的定语很长，达31个字。如按照译文1使用英语后定语结构来翻译，量怡语义 上没有错，但显得累费、笨拙。鉴于汉语的主要语义体現在长定语之中，英译时不妨改变句型，将 主要语义于主句之中，将汉语的主要结构"这是一的五年”转为英语从属的状语结构In the five yearso二制译练习（

16、修改以下译文，以便便译文見明了Mtt）：（一）平定语与后賣定语» 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved httpv'中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例译文 I.The Regulations on Administration of Technology Import Contracts of the People's Republic of China（二）将英语隔离的词组定语改为从句定语该母公司在华的各家子公司现享受的高科技投资优惠政策，从

17、四月一日起改为国民待遇。译文 l.All subsidiaries under that parent company in China enjoying the preferential policies for their investment in high technology projects shall receive national treatment starting on April 1st.（三）將长定语译为从句由国务院各部.委和各直属机构批浪可行性研究报告的项目，其技术引进合同由经贸部审批。译文）.Technology import contracts forpro/e

18、cts with feasibility study reports approved by the ministries, commissions and departments under the State Council are to be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade.（四）重复被修饰的中心词例子同上（将长定语译为从句），但试着再用“重复被修饰的中心词"这一技巧来增大译文的清 晰度。（五）修改全句句型这次大会是坚定不移地沿着十一届三中全会以来正确路线

19、胜利笳进的大会。译文 1. This is a congress that will ensure that the whole Party will unswervingly and triumphantly go along the correct line adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee.三、练习答案：（_）译文2 The Administrative Regulations on Technology Import Contract of the People's Rep

20、ublic of China译文1使用了很多介词，亦即很多后置定语，读上去虽然语言正规，但颇费精神。译文2将其 中之一on Administration转为前畫定语Administrative,tt Regulations前后都有定语，既平衡，又易读。（二）译文 2 All subsidiaries under that parent company in China, which have enjoyed the preferential policies for their investment in high technology projects, shall receive nati

21、onal treatment starting on April 1st.译文 1 的 enjoying 可修饰 All subsidiaries, the parent company.甚至 China。译文 2 改用从句 which have enjoyed.,只能修饰复数的AU subsidiaries,因而消除了歧义。（三）译文 2 A technology import contract for a project which had its feasibility study approved by a State Council ministry or commission or one of the various organs directly under the State Council shall be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic