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1、Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPowerPoint Lecture prepared by Jan CampbellT H E B A S I C SSIXTH EDITIONPromoting Healthy Behavior Change1Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 健康領域包含健康領域包含: 靈性靈性Spiritual, 身體身體Physical, Mental,

2、 心心智智Intellectual, 社會社會Social, 情緒情緒Emotional, 環境環境Environmental 指出不斷變化的動態過程個人努力將每一相關領域的潛能發揮到極致，這些領域範圍一般而言如上所述 安適安適Wellness The achievement of the highest level of health Well-Being Positive health statusCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Health: Yesterday and Tod

3、ay 1800s Health = absence of illness. Common illnesses: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis Poor health often associated with poor hygiene Late 1800s and 1900s Suspicion of the environment as a cause of sicknessPutting Health in PerspectiveCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishin

4、g as Benjamin Cummings World Health Organization 1947 conference on global health “Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.” The first time health meant more than an absence of illnessPutting Health in PerspectiveCopyright

5、 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1960s definition of health included: Physical Social Mental Elements of life Environmental Spiritual Emotional Intellectual dimensionsPutting Health in PerspectiveCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings He

6、alth Today Mortality rates indicate people are living longer Morbidity rates indicate fewer people suffer from infectious disease Are people truly healthier?Putting Health in PerspectiveCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The 6 Dimensions of the Health and Wellnes

7、s Continuum Physical Includes body functioning, physical fitness, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Intellectual “brain power” Ability to think clearly, reason objectively Social Ability to have satisfying relationshipsThe Evolution Toward WellnessCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

8、 Benjamin Cummings The 6 Dimensions of the Health and Wellness Continuum (continued) Emotional Self-esteem, self-efficacy Environmental Appreciation of the external environment and ones role Spiritual Feeling as if part of a greater spectrum of existenceThe Evolution Toward WellnessCopyright 2004 Pe

9、arson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Dimensions of the Health and Wellness ContinuumFigure 1.1Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNew Directions for Health Healthy People 2000 1990 U.S. Surgeon General proposed a national health plan, for indiv

10、iduals and groups, with long-term objectives Healthy People 2010 The plan has 28 focus areas representing public health priorities Examples include: tobacco use, nutrition, access to careCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsTable 1.1Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,

11、 Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Health Promotion Assists individuals and groups in making behavior changes Risk Behaviors Those that increase the susceptibility to negative health outcomes What kinds of risk behaviors would you like to change?New Focus on Health PromotionCopyright 2004 Pearso

12、n Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three types Primary Secondary Tertiary Incidence = number of new cases Prevalence = number of existing cases Certified Public Health Specialists Trained cadre of public health educatorsDisease PreventionCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publis

13、hing as Benjamin Cummings Can you think of some positive and negative health behaviors? Health promotion should be supportive Health Bashing Intolerance of others who fail to meet our expectations of healthNew Directions for HealthCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummin

14、gs Achievements in Public Health Over Past 100 Years (CDC) Vaccinations Motor vehicle safety Workplace safety Control of infectious disease Cardiovascular disease and stroke deaths decreasedNew Directions for HealthCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Achievements

15、in Public Health Over Past 100 Years (CDC) (continued) Safe and healthy foods Maternal and infant care Family planning Fluoridated drinking water Recognition of tobacco as a health hazard.New Directions for HealthCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiological d

16、ifferences Little research went towards womens health prior to 1990 National Institute of Health created Office of Research on Womens Health Womens Health Initiative 15 year, $625 million dollar clinical trial focusing on the leading causes of death/disease in 160,000 postmenopausal womenGender Diff

17、erences in Health StatusCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Why do these differences exist?Gender Differences in Health StatusCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFactors That Influence Health StatusFigure 1.2Copyright 2004 Pearso

18、n Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Healthy Behaviors Getting a good nights sleep (minimum of seven hours) Maintaining healthy eating habits Managing weight Participating in physical recreation activities Avoiding tobacco products Practicing safer sex Limiting intake of alcohol Schedu

19、ling regular self-exams and medical checkupsImproving Your HealthCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other actions Controlling stressors Maintaining meaningful relationships Making time for yourself Participating in a fun activity each day Respecting the environme

20、nt Valuing each day Being as kind to yourself as you are to others Understanding the health care system and using it wisely List additional factors that promote HealthImproving Your HealthCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Influencing Behavior Change Pred

21、isposing Enabling Reinforcing Motivation Wanting to make a changePreparing for Behavior ChangeCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFactors That Influence Behavior-Change DecisionsFigure 1.3Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Readi

22、ness Appraisal of the relationship between an object/action/idea and its attributes Beliefs Appraisal of the relationship between an object/action/idea and its attributes Attitudes Stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendenciesPreparing for Behavior ChangeCopyright 2004 Pearson Education

23、, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Significant Others as Change Agents Family Social bonds Social supportPreparing for Behavior ChangeCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsObstacles to Behavior ChangeFigure 1.4Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing a

24、s Benjamin Cummings Motivation = reasons for doing something Readiness = state of being that precedes behavior changeMotivationCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Belief = appraisal of the relationship between some object, action or idea and some attribute of that

25、 object, action, or idea Attitude = stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or someoneBeliefs and AttitudesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perceived seriousness Perceived susceptibility Cues to actionHealth Belief Model (Rosenstock)Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theory of Reasoned Action Intentions behind actionsIntentions to ChangeCopyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Techniques Shaping Visualization Modeling Controll