主谓一致——就近原则

1、主谓一致就近原则主谓一致就近原则就近原则短语代表词汇：there be 句型Neither norEither orNotbutWhetherorNot only but also 【就远原则短语：谓语动词与前面主语一致代表词汇：as well as ；together/along )with ；rather than ；except ；besides ；but ；including ；主谓一致 就近原则in addition to ；apart from例如： He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classr

2、oom.主谓一致现象。有一类连接词，其后的谓语动词要与连接词前一部分的主语保持一致。此类连接词有 with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including 等。例如：Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing. 特蕾西像很多女孩一样，喜欢跳舞。All the students, including Tom, are leaving. 所有的学生，包括汤姆都走了。No one except (but) me knows about thi

3、s news. 除了我没有人知道这个消息。就近原则现象。还有另一类连接词， 句中的谓语动词要与靠近的主语保持一致。 此类连接词有 or, either. or, neither.nor, not only. but also 等。例如：Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不仅是学生，就连老师也期盼一个假期。1. There be 句型 There is a book and somepencils on the desk.=Ther

4、e are some pencils and a book on the desk.2. neither.nor. Neither you nor he is right.= Neither he nor you are right.主谓一致 就近原则3. either.or.Either they or Jim is going to next Saturday.= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.4. not only.but also. Not only Ann but also her parents sta

5、y at home every Sunday.= Not only Ann's parents but also she stays at homeevery Sunday. 百度词条：就近原则也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则” (Proximity )，即：谓语与靠近 的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。I. 在正式文体中：1.由下列词语连接的并列主语："or ; eithe ror; nor;neither or; whether or; not but; not only but also" 等。 e.g. What he does or wh

6、at he says does not con cer n me .他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 Neither you nor I am wron g .你和我都没错。 Not you but your father is to blame .不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 Not only you hut(also)he is wrong . 不仅你错了，他也错了。2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. In the distanee was heard the clapping of handsand the shoutsof the people .在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人

7、们的呼喊声。 There is （are） a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。II. 非正式文体中：有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there （意义一致）我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.No one except his own supporters agre

8、e（s） with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义” 一致的原则；但语 法上，“ No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“ agrees”。“写作中” 一般要依“语法一致”原则。主谓一致分为两大类：就近一致原则和意义一致原则就近一致原则指的是，以靠近谓语动词的，作主语的名词作为人 称和数的参考标准。意义一致原则指的是，必须分析主语属于单数或是复数，可数或 是不可数，然后才能决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。就近一致原则（1）连词 not only.butalso/ neither.nor/or/ eitheror/no t.but<><><

9、>Not only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film.不仅学生而且老师都在津津乐道地看着电影。Neither the stude nts nor the teacher knows any thi ng aboutit.同学们老师对此都一无所知Neither he nor they are wholly right.他和他们，谁都不是完全对的Either he or I am right.或者他对，或者我对就近一致原则（2）畐U词 here/ there<><><>Here c

10、omes the bus.瞧，公共汽车来了Here is a pen cil-box for you.这儿有一个铅笔盒要给你Here are my replies to your questi ons.这些是我针对你的问题的回答There is an apple, two bananas and some oran ges on the plates.盘子里有一个苹果，两条香蕉和一些桔子。主谓一致：andand的两边分别是不同的可数名词。Joh n and Mary are my friends.约翰xx都是我的朋友。<><><>and的两边分别是不同的不可

11、数名词。Both rice and wheat are grown in .xx有种水稻也有种小麦<><><>and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念Fish and chips is a popular supper here.炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。（鱼和土豆片作为整体）The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了。（同一个人既是诗人又是作家）主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致， 句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用单数，主语是复数，则 谓语动词用复数。1.主谓一致的三个原则。英语中的主谓

12、一致主要遵循三个原则： 意义一致原则、语法一致 原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义 一致原则为优先考虑的原则。（1）语法一致原则:主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式， 谓语动词也应采取单数形式； 主语是复数形式， 谓语动词也应采取复 数形式。She is a girl 她是女孩。They are all girls她们都是女孩。The professor and writer is invited to many universitiesto deliver lectures.这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。（教授与作家是同一个人，是单数 .

13、 ）The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们 xx 被照顾得很好。 （ the old 指所有的老年人，指一类人， 为复数概念。）（2）就近原则：谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。There is a book ，two pens and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。There are two pens ，a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。Either my sisters or my mo

14、ther is coming.不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。(3) 意义一致原则：主语形式上是单数， 但表达复数意义， 那么谓语动词要用复数形 式；或主语形式上是复数， 但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数 形式。The police are still running after the murderer.警察还在追杀人犯。The news was very exciting.这则新闻令人激动。My family were watching TV at 7 o'clock.7 点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。My family has moved three times 我们家搬过

15、三次。2主谓一致的应用。(1) 单一主语的情况。单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语， 其主语 与谓语的一致情况如下： 不定代词作主语a. 不定代词 either, neither, each, one, the other,another,someone ，somebody，something ，anyone，anybody， anything ，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数、b. none 作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词

16、，表量，谓语动词用单数。Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。c. neither/either of 复数名词或复数形式的代词，谓语动词 可用单数，也可用复数。Neither of these words is correct.这些单词没有一个是正确的。d. the other two ()，the other three ()a no ther two( .), both 等作主语时谓语动词用复数、主谓一致就近原则Five people came to help，but another three we

17、re stillneeded.已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个e. all 指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时，谓语 动词常用单数All the work was finished.所有的活都干完了All is going well一切都很正常 .f. 在 each .and each, every .and every , no .and no,manya. . . and many a 等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中， 谓语动词用单数、Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位 .Every man and ev

18、erv woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作 .No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.很长时间没有听到一点声音Every boy and every girl likes the film star.所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星g. such 山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much 这就是xx XX，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。Such as ha

19、ve plenty of money want more money.那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。 集合名词作主语a.有些集体名词，女口 people, cattle, police 等形式上是单数， 但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。b. 集合名词，女口 audienee （观众），army, class, crew船员），company （公司），crowd （人群），enemy, family, group, government（政府）,

20、public （ 公众）,population（ 人口 ）,team（队员）等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时， 谓语就 该用复数。The population in is very large and 80%of the population live in rural areas.xx 人口很多，其中 80的人住在农村。c. 有些以-sh,-ese , -ch 结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与 the 连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数如 the English, the Chinese，the French 等The English are

21、a polite people xx 是一个礼仪之邦。 以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语a.以一 ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时， 谓语用单数.Politics is taught in our school.我们学校开设政治课。的著作很畅销b.专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上即使 是复数，谓语动词也要用单数，如 the United Nations, the United States ， the New York Times 等。Lu Xun's works sells well. xxc 有些名词如。 arnings, thanks, goods, le

22、avings （残渣， 剩余）,clothes, trousers, belongings （财产）,savings, scissor , 等作主语，其谓语动词只能用复数形式The family were saved but the belongings were lost.这一家人获救，但损失了所有财产。d. means , sheep , （leer, crossroad 、等单复数同形的名词 作主语，谓语动词根据其单复数而定Each means has been tried to solve the problem ， but none is effective.每一种方法都试过，但没有

23、一个是有效的。 含有修饰语的名词作主语a 一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如 trousers ,pants, glasses, scissgrs 等作主语，前面若无 a pair of, a suitof, a set of, a series of等这类单位词，通常作复数用，谓语动词作复数。 若带有单位词， 则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复 数形式。他的那条黑裤子太长了My shoes are under the bed 我的鞋在床下。His black trousers are too longYour glasses are on your nose 你的眼镜在鼻子上。但若这

24、类名词与 a pair 连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。This pair of shoes is made in Beijing 这双鞋子是 xx 制造 的。There is a pair of glasses on your bed 你的床上有副眼镜。b. a number of' 意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般 也用复数：the number of意为“的数目”，作主语时，谓语只能用单数A number of the other plants were found in .在 xx 还发现了许多别的植物。The number of people who travel by

25、plane in China is larger than ever before 在 xx 乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。c .只修饰可数名词的量词 several, a few, few, quite a few,a great manv(of. )作主语，谓语动词应用复数形式；其修饰的名 词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式通常很少Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.有人把工作当成娱乐d. some, plenty of', a lot ( of) , lots( of)等词既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词， 谓语的形式应根据所修

26、饰词而定、A lot of students are coming to the meeting.很多学生要来参加这次会议。A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。注意 a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词应根据 quantity 的单复数形式 而定。Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.学校安装设备需要很多钱。A quantity of

27、story books has been bought for the children. 为孩子们买了大量的故事书：e. a great/ good deal( of) ，a little ， quite a little ， a large amount( of )等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语， 谓语动词只能用单数形式A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used 很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但本应好好利用的f. "more than one 十单数名词”尽管意义上

28、是复数，但因中心 词是单数形式，谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“ more 复数名词 than one ”结构之后，谓语常用复数More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在这次事故中受伤More members than one are against the proposal.反对这项提议的会员不止一个g. "one or two + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一两个学生在植

29、树h. 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与pass, go by , waste, use, spend 等词连用时，谓语动词用复数Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入党五年了i. one or two 后接复数名词，谓语要用复数但在“ a/an 十单 数名词 or two ”结构之后，谓语却常用单数One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.干这活一两天就够了j. the rest (of)，the remai

30、ning , part (of.) , onehalf( of)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语， 谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定Part of his story was not true 他讲的故事有一部分不是真 的。Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada. 我们学校一部分外籍教师来自 xx.k .当“几分之几(百分之几)+ of +名词”结构作主语时，一 般也应根据 of 后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数 "one and a half + 复数可数名词”作主语，谓语一般用单数

31、 .This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans 这是因为地球表面积的 2/3 是由广阔的 xx 构成的Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.这些任务已经完成了三分之。One and a half days is all I can spare.我只能抽出一天半的时间It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.据报道在此

32、地区有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情况下，one in ten 作主语和其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式)(2 )非谓语形式、从句作主语单独的不定式、 动词的一 ing 形式作主语时， 谓语动词一般用 单数形式： 如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念， 谓语动词用 单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数Persuading him to join us seems really hard.劝他加入我们似乎很难。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是好习惯。To work and to live are two

33、 different things but they are always together.虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但是它们永远相伴that , what, who, which, when, where, why, whatever, whoever,whichever, whe never, whereve: 等弓丨导的从句作主语或单 独引导疑问句时,应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数"That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶Who is Abraham Lincoln ？ xx

34、 是谁？Who are talking with each other ？谁在相互讨论？(3) 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致 and 及 both. and.a. 一般来说,两个单数主语用 and 连接起来,表示两个不同的 人或物,谓语动词用复数； 但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同 一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念,谓语动词必须用单数A smile and handshake show welcome 微笑和握手表示欢迎这个诗人兼作The poet and writer has produced many works.家写出很多作品、b. 并列主语由 or, either. . or. . .

35、 , neither. nor., not onlybut also连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、 数的一致Either the teacher or the students are to blame.或者是老师，或者是学生要受到责备Not only the students but also their teacher doesn't know about it .不仅仅是学生，还有他们的老师都对此一无所知Neither you nor I am fit for the work.你和我都不适合干这个工作Are neither you nor I fit for the work?你和我都不适合干这个工作吗？（4）假性主语的主谓一致with,together with （连同）,along with （禾口一起）,as wellas （也）， like （ xx）， such as（ xx）， as muchas, no less than