制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧_第1页
制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧_第2页
制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧_第3页
制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧_第4页
制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩25页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1、ACLA Legal Skills Training Seminar 中华全国律师协会法律技能培训讲座THE ART OF DRAFTING LEGAL MEMO制作法律咨询文书的流程与技巧8 january, 20032003年 1月 8日Robert lewis -managing patner吕立山-主任合伙人John jiang -special srojects manager 江宪胜-项目专员Lovells, BeiJing路伟律师事务所驻北京代表处前期准备打草稿定稿THE ABCs OF DRAFTING A LEGALMEMORANDUMA.(PREPARE)B(DRAFT)C

2、(FINALIZE )Befor you start writing在开始下笔以前,律师应该:1) obtail clear instructions清楚地了解当事人的要求2) know your audience了解该文件的读者是谁3) do your research进行相应的调研4) prepare an outline制定文件大纲Before you start writing: 在开始下笔以前,律师应该: what is the client s question or problem?当事人要求你解答或解决什么问题-Ask questions询问当事人-Are you talkin

3、g to right person?与你交谈的人是否最有助于你了解当事人的要求?-How important is the question or problem?当事人体温所涉及的事宜或者当事人面临的问题对他/她来说有多重要What is the client s desired oourtcroemsoelution?当事人希望得到什么样的回答或者结果?-Any alternative outcomes?是否有产生其他后果的可能性- Understand the parties s reasons and motivations除当事人外,律师还要了解涉及其他各方的思维和动机-Is the

4、 focus on ends or means or both?当事人注重的是结果还是解决问题的手段,还是两者都要兼顾?Before you start writing: 律师在开始下笔以前,律师应该:(1) obtain clear instructions (continued)清楚地了解当事人的要求(续)what is the requested deliverable II?当事人要求你提供具体的服务是什么?-general response with no research?概括性解答(无需引证详细资料)-verbal advice plus short witten confirm

5、ation? 口头咨询之后附上一封简短的书面确认函?-in-depth legal brief? 详细的法律咨询文书? When does the client want the response?当事人要你在什么时候做出答复?How much does the client expect to speng for the product ? 就你所提供的法律服务,当事人预计须支付多少律师费?Before you start writing:律师在下笔以前,律师应该:(1) Obtain Clear Instructions(continued)(A Sad Story) 清楚地了解当事人的要

6、求(续) (未清楚了解当事人要求的后果 -悲剧) (small question)Clientask for adviceLawyer(complex question)(小问题) 当事人 咨询 律师 (问题很复杂)( small fee )Clientask for adviceLawyer( big fee )(小笔律师费) 当事人 咨询 律师 (大笔律师费)Client50-page memoLawyer work work work当事人 -50 业的咨询文书 -律师 工作,工作,工作 Clientbig billLawyer当事人 巨额律师费 律师Look for new lawye

7、rClient offer small feelawyer我得马上换个律师! 当事人 提出只能支付小笔律师费 - 律师Before you start writing: 在开始下笔以前,律师应该:(2) know your audience (part 1) 明确这份文件的读者是谁(一)Lawyer Non-lawyer律师 非律师Existing client(1) less formal more technica(l2) less formal less technical老客户 (1) 无需太正式 专业性较强( 2)无需太正式 易于人理解New client(3) more forma

8、l more technical(4) more formal less technical新客户 ( 3)正式,专业性比较强( 4)正式易于人理解In-house counsel memos are type #2In-house:client=business manager公司内部法律顾问起草的文件属于第( 2)类 对公司内部法律顾问而言当事人 =公司商务人员More formal = (1) state more facts,(2) state all assumptions,(3)more formal tone 正式法律文件的特点是: ( 1)列举的事实较详尽,( 2)对有关的情况

9、作出较全面的假设, ( 3)语气较正式Less formal=(1) refer prior discussions/correspondence,(2)state only key assumptions,(3) less formal tone无需太正式的法律文件的特点是:(1) 文中会提及先前的口头讨论或往来信函more technical= legal focus 专业性较强的法律文件中对法律问题论述较多 less technical=business focus 易于常人理解的文件中对商务事宜论述较Befort you start writing:在开始下笔以前,律师应该:(2)kn

10、ow your audience (part2) 明确这份文件的读者是谁(二) more formal less formal比较正式的文件 无须太正式的文件“ dear mr. jones,we have reviewed list documents provided by you . based on our review of those documents and our discussions with you, we understand the pertinent facts to be substantially as follows:recitefacts. In prep

11、aring this advice memorandum , we have made the following assumptions:state 李总经理,您好: 我们审阅了您提供的下列文件: (列出文件名称)基于我们对这些文件的审阅以 及我们和年先前的讨论, 我们对相关事实的理解如下: (对事实进行描述) 。我们起草 的此份法律咨询文书是基于对有关情况的以下假设: 描述假设的事实 。 Tom,This looks to be an extension of the channel arrangements you have already set up with company X.

12、W e expect you want to keep the same general terma and conditions. Let us know if that is not the case. I老李: 看来需要解决的问题是如何对你和甲公司之间的现有经销协议进行延期。 我们理 解你不想改变现有商业条款。如果有需要变更的条款,请告诉我。Before you start writing:在开始下笔以前,律师应该:More Technical专业性较强less Technical易于普通人理解 The pertinent provisions of the contract law o

13、f the PRC,promulgated march 15,1999 and effective October 1, 1999( contract Law ), include Artclesprovide: recite. Our analysis of these provisions is that state analysis.与此问题相关的法律条纹是 1999 年 3月 15日颁布并于同年 10月 1日生效的 中华人民共和国合同法( “合同法”)的第 53 条和 113 条,这两条的具体规定为(引 述有关条款) 。我们对这些条款的分析如下: 具体分析 The exclusion

14、of liability clause in the Supply Contract is valid under Chinese law . You will not need to amend it for use in China. 根据中国法律,供货合同中允许许有责任限制条款。贵公司与中国公司签订 的供货合同中对责任限制条款做修改。Befor you start writing:在开始下笔以前,律师应该:(3) do your research 进行相应的调研Check for prior advice memoranda on the same or related issues 查

15、一下是否有针对同类或相关问题提供咨询的法律咨询文书先例文本 Research the law and the practice了解相关法律规定和实际操作情况For specialized points of law and practice outside your expertise, consult an expert 如果某一法律问题或法律领域并非你的专长,应该咨询同行中的专家。Before you start writing: 在开始下笔以前, 律师应该:(4) prepare an outline 制定大纲organize your material 对有关资料进行整理 discar

16、d unnecessary material 删除不必要的资料 identify gaps in facts, law or analysis看有关事实, 法律规定或者法律分析之间是否有脱节之处 customize any precedent advice memorandum to fit the facts 根据本案实际情况相应修正法律咨询文书先例文本中的内容THE“ ABC S”OF DRAFTING ALEGALMEMORANDUM 制作法律咨询文书的基本流程A. prepare前期准备B draft 打草稿C finalize定稿Preparing the Draft: Struct

17、ure of Advice Memorandum 起草文件:法律咨询文书的结构Alternative 1 第一类结构Fact 事实 Lessue 面临的问题Rule 有关法律规定 Application 法律对事实的适用Conclusion 结论Alternative 2 第二类结构Question presented 提出问题Short answer 概括性回答Facts and assumptions 有关事实及假设Relevant laws 相关法律规定 Analysis of facts and law 对事实及法律的分析Conclusion 结论Key points: Ask the

18、 right question 提出正确的问题要点Answer the question asked 避免答非所问Explain the rationale and the risks 说明得出结论的依据并分析有关风险Drafting Key PointsAsk the right Question 起草咨询文书的要点 正确提出问题Client QuestionASSESSRight Question 当事人提出问题 律师进行分析 正确提出问题How can I collect payment form my customer 我怎样向客户追帐?Lawyer Memo律师出具的咨询文书Deta

19、iled explanation of court procedures for civil law suit 详细解说追帐的民事诉讼程序Reasson for non-payment客户不付钱的原因Late completion by client当事人没有按期完工Is the client entitled to an extension of time under the contract? 根据合同有关规定,你的当事人是否有权顺延工程进度时间表?Lawyer Memo律师的法律咨询文书Analysis of rights and responsibiites under contrac

20、t and law 根据合同条款和有关法律规定分析当事人的权利和义务。If you do not ask the right question, you cannot give the right answer! 如果你不能提出正确的问题,你就无法给出正确答案!Drafting Key PointsAnswer the Question Asked 起草咨询文书的要点 避免答非所问QuestionBad AnswerGood AnswerCan a foreign clientDetailed history ofNoCollect RMB formforex controls in Chin

21、a否aChinese customersince 1949 and descriptionunder an importof organization of SAFEcontract?在一份进口合同中详细描述中华人民共和国,外方当事人作为建国以来外汇管制的发展历史卖方能否与中方客户并且提供国家外汇管理局的以人民币结算?组织结构图。Drafting Key PointsExplain the Rationale and the Risks 起草法律文件的要点 说明得出结论的依据并分析有关Can a foreign companyYes. C-C-F wasWhile the law not cl

22、ear,Invest an internet databanned only forthis must be consideredCenter project with China XCom under a C- C-F structure?China Unicom.However, the MILL may disagree.To be a high risk structure for the following reasons: State rationale and commercial/外国公司可否按照 中-中-外的模式与中国Legal risks可以。禁止中 -虽然法律对此没有明确

23、规定,中 -外模式仅对我们认为这以机构存在很大某公司合资建立一个互联网 中国联通的项目的风险,具体理由如下:Question 问题方案的风险Bad AnswerGood Answer(less formal)糟糕的回复 好的回复(如果无须太正式)数据中心项目? 具体适用。不过说明具体理由以及对相关信息产业部可能对 商业和法律风险的分析 此有不同观点。Presentation of Facts 正确陈述事实的重要性1 If the facts are wrong or incomplete, your advice is wrong 事实趁势错误或者不全,你出具的咨询意见也会出错2 If the

24、 facts are not stated clearly, then the facts are wrong or incomplete (See 1)事实陈述不清,相当于事实陈述错误或者不全(结果同第一条)3 If the facts do not make sense, then the facts are wrong or incomplete 事实陈述不合逻辑,相当于事实陈述错误或者不全4 It is not easy to state complex facts clearil, so it is easy to get the facts wrong 清晰地陈述复杂的事实比较难,

25、因此稍有不慎就会发生事实陈述 的错误5If you include irrelevant facts, you have wasted the client money, and probably have the facts wrong 所陈述的事实中参杂有不相关的事实, 不仅浪费当事人的时间 和金钱,且很有可能出于对事实错误的认定Presentation of Facts 事实陈述Best Practice 最佳工作流程Ues best efforts (highest standards of professionalism) to: 你应尽最大的努力(以最强的敬业精神) , 做到以下几

26、点:1 Collect all potentiaiil relevant facts 首先收集所有可能相关的事实2 Sort the relevant facts from the irrelevant 区分其中哪些是有关的,哪些是不相关的3 State the relevant facts clearly, concisely and completely 对相关的事实进行清晰,简要,全面的陈述4 State your assumptions as to facts not provided 就未提供的事实做出相应的假设5 Ask for clarification as necessary

27、 必要时要求当事人澄清If facts are complex, consider: 如果事实情况比较复杂,可考虑采取以下办法: Sub-dividing facts into: 将有关事实按以下标准排列 chronology时间顺序actor(s)当事人地位issue(s)问题的性质geographical location(s)空间顺序Sample Chronology: 时间顺序排列事实的示例 1jan 78 x ltd. Formed 1978 年 1 月 1 日: 甲公司成立2 jan82 jv with y co 1982年 1 月 2 日:与乙公司成立合营公司25 june 99

28、 business falters 1999年 6 月 25 日: 合营公司经营发生困难10 Aug 99 bank a calls loan 1999年 8 月 10 日:合营公司的银行提前收回贷款2 sept 99 y co buys x led. Shares in jv 1999年 9 月 2 日: 乙公司收购甲公司在合营公司的股份before sending the memo to the client: 在把咨询文书发给当事人之前PROOF READ 校对, YOURSELF 作者 -TYPOS 是否有错别字-FORMA T 格式是否正确-CONTENT 内容是否正确-STYLE

29、风格是否恰当PROOF READ 校对, COLLEAGUE 同事 -MAKE SENSE ? 是否有说服力? -TYPOS 是否有错别字-ETC等等PROOF READ 在校对 YOURSELF 作者 -FINAL CHECK 最后确认FINAL CHECK 最后确认1 NAME OF ADDRESSEE SPELLED CORRECTLY ? 收件人姓名是否书写正确?2 USE PRECEDENT MEMO ANOTHER CLIENT ? DELETE NAME OF OTHER CLIENT ? 如果咨询文书是基于从前给另一当事人法律咨询文书的先例,务必要确保 这位当事人的名字不会出现

30、在新的咨询文书中!3REFER TO ATTACHED DOCUMENTS ?MAKE SURE ARE ATTACHED ! 咨询文书中是否提到附有其他文件?如果提到就应该确保附件也同事发给客户4SPELL CHECK ! 改正所有的错别字!5DOSE THE FINAL PRODUCT LOOK PROFESSIONAL ? 最后的文本看来是否很专业?Why do clients have lawyers draft contracts? 当事人为何让律师起草合同?Because lawyers know (or are supposed to know): 因为律师掌握(起码应该掌握)

31、: 1the law (and how it is applied in practice) 法律规定(及其实务操作) 2How contracts work 合同的操作3How to anticipate and reduce risks 预料和防范风险的技能 4How to find solutions 解决问题的途径5How to write clearly (many clients disagree!) 准确表达当事人意思的能力(当然,有些当事人对此不以为然! )The goal of good contract drafting is to ensure that: 好的合同将确保

32、:1the client can receive all agreed lawful benefits (remove obstacles) 当事人可获得所预期的合法利益(排除获得合法利益的障碍)2the client s obligatons and liabilities are clearly limited to agreed lawful scope (plug holes)当事人的义务和责任限定在双方商定的合法范围内(补填责任漏洞)3The deal can be closed in timely manner (requires fairness and balance) 按时完

33、成交易(权利义务公平,兼顾交易各方利益) 4the parties can understand the contract terms (so they can perform the contract) 交易各方理解合同的内容(这是他们按合同规定履行义务的前提) 5in the event of a dispute, a judge, arbitrator or mediator will be able to understand and interpret the contract terms in a manner consitent with the client interests

34、(even 10 years later) 在发生争议的情况下,法官(或者仲裁员,调解员)能够按照符合当事人合法 利益的方式理解并结实合同条款(即使争议在合同订立 10 年后发生)Contract drafting is an art and not a science 起草合同是一们艺术而不是一们科学 contract drafting is not: 起草合同并不等于: simply filling in blanks in a form 仅仅在一份标准合同中填空 simply cutting and pasting clauses from other contracts 生吞活剥其他合

35、同的某些条款 simply writing down what your client tells you 将当事人的表述原封不动写在合同中 contract drafting is 好的合同文本是: the product of professional judgement and experience 律师根据其职业经验做出专业判断的结果 the product of hard work careful choices and attention to detail 律师勤奋工作,仔细推敲,注重细节的结晶module overview 本讲概述A practical approach to

36、 contract drafting 起草合同流程实务B anatomy of a contract合同详解C exercise2练习 2Dround table discussion圆桌讨论Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该: ( 1) obtain clear instructions 清楚地了解当事人的要求( 2) understand the context 了解交易结构以及商务背景( 3) do your research 进行相应的调研( 4) consider use of precedents 考虑怎样利用合同先例文本Before you sa

37、rt writing 在下笔以前,你应该:(1) obtain the clear instructionswhat is the clients business objective?-Ask questions-are you talking to the right person?-how important is this transaction?明确了解当事人要求当事人的商业目的是什么?-提问-与你交谈的人士是否对你了解情况最有帮助?-该交易对当事人有多重要?How does the client want to achieve this objective?-any possibl

38、e alternatives?-what are the parties motivations?-focus on ends II or means II or both?当事人希望以何种方式表达到其商业目的?-是否有其他方案可供选择?-交易各方的动机是什么?-当事人注重的是结果还是手段,还是两者都要兼顾?Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该:Obtain clear instructions(cont)What is the requested deliverableI?-a proposed structure?-term sheet?-MOU?-draf

39、t contract for internal review?-draft of contract for negotiation?-final version of contract for signing?-standard template?-comment on draft of other party?-in Chinese or English or both?When does the client want the document?How much does the client expect to pay?明确当事人要求(续) 当事人要你提供什么文件? -交易结构建议? -

40、交易要点? -备忘录? -合同草稿供当事人内部讨论? -合同草稿供当事人与对方谈判用? -供双方签字的合同终稿? -供当事人在一系列类似交易中采用的范本? -就对方提供的合同文本出具修改意见? -合同是英文本,中文本,还是双语版本? 当事人何时需要合同文本? 当事人预计就此项服务支付多少律师费?Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该 ( 1) consequence of failure to obtain clear instructions(another sad stor) 律师未清楚了解当事人要求的后果(又是一场悲剧) small contract cli

41、entask for acontract draft_lawyer小合同当事人要求 起草一份合同律师 small fee_client_50-page contract_lawyer 小笔律师费当事人 50 业合同律师Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该PARTY B 乙方PARTY C丙方(2)Understand the context 了解该交易结构以及商务背景 ( A ) Parties to the transaction 此项交易的当事人How many parties?PARTY A有几个当事人 甲方contractualbuyersellersu

42、bcontractorrelationship买方卖方分包商合同主体关系legal statussino-foreign jvHkCOunincorporated USA法律地位中外合营企业香港公司非法人美国财团leagal relationshipjv board approval requiredpartner approvals required当事人之间的法律关系 需要董事会批准 需要全体财团成员的批准BEFORE you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该: Understand the context 了解交易结构和商务背景 Background of the tran

43、saction 交易的商务背景 Any prior contracts beween parties?related?unrelated? 各方此前是否有合同关系?这些合同关系是否与本交易有关? Any similar prior contracts between client and other parties?你的当事人与其他各方之间从前是否签订过类似合同?Is this a competitive bid situation? 这项交易是否要通过招标进行? Which party has commercial leverage? 交易的哪一方处于优势地位? How important

44、is this deal for the client? 本交易对你的当事人有多重要?Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该 Understand the contexe 了解交易结构和商务背景 Roles right and responsibilities of the parties 各方在合同中的地位,以及相应的权利和义务 what have the parties agreed?各方已就哪些事项达成一致?What have the parties not yet discussed and agreed?各方还须哪就些事项进一步磋商?Before you

45、 start writing 在下笔以前,你应该:(2) Understand the context(cont). 了解交易结构和商务背景(续)( D ) Nomber and nature of the contracts 要起草的合同数量以及合同性质Simple tenant_tenancy Agmt_LandlordBank1 bank2 bank3 银行架 乙 丙Before you start writing在下笔以前,你应该:简单 租户 合同 业主 Complex GUARANTOR Agent Bank 复杂 担保人 代理银行3) do your research 进行相应的调

46、研check for templates and precedents for similar transactions 查一下是否有类似交易的范本或者先例文本research the law and the practice 了解有关法律规定及实际作情况 for specialized points of law and practice outside your expertise,consult an expert 如果某一法律问题或法律领域并非你的专长,应该咨询法律同行中的专 家Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该:( 4) Consider use o

47、f precedents 考虑是否采用合同先例文本Have precedent? Yes form/content appropriate? Yes use precedent as base 是否有先例文本 是 形式 /内容是否妥当?是 采用此先例文本为基础Draft new contractno起草新的合同 否determine Whether Form/Content Is Appropriate: 判断先例文本形式 /内容是否妥当:unique prior transaction? 先例文本是否根据特殊的项目结构制订?Heavily negotiated? 先例文本是否经过各方多次谈判

48、修改才定稿?Different jurisdiction/industry? 先例文本是否用于不同国家 /行业?Different side of deal? 先例的起草律师所代表的当事人在此前交易中是否处于对方当事人地 位?Before you start writing 在下笔以前,你应该:( 5) Repeat the cycle 根据需要重复以下Initial Instructions /nformation form Client/research/Draft Contract 当事人提出要求 /从当事人获得相关资料 /进行相应调研 /起草合同文本 After you finishe

49、d writing 在完稿以后,你应该: Proofread 校对Check all cross-references 对所有提及他条款或其他文件的语句进行核对 ripple effect change all related provisions 波动效应一旦删除或新增某一条款, 就应该对所有相 关条款标号予以相应调整spell check 确保合同中没有错别字formatting 确保格式正确Mark-ups 合同修改文本Professional Courtesy:Always send other party newly Revised drafts marked to show cha

50、nges 同行相互之间的尊重: 如果将修改后的合同版本发送 给对方,务必要在新的版本中相应标明修改之处The art of contract drafting 制作合同的流程与技巧A. practical approach to contract drafting 起草合同流程实物B. Anatomy of a contract合同详解C. Exercise2练习 2D. Round table discussion圆桌讨论Structure of a Typical Commercial Contract 典型的商务合同结构preamble 合同首部preliminary statement

51、s 前言(签于条款)definitions 定义operative clauses 具体操作条款conditions precedent 先决条件representations and warranties 陈述和担保boilerplate clauses 通用条款signature page 签字页schedules and annexes 附录及附件preamble Typical Contract Preamble 合同首部 合同首部的典型格式Name of contract.simple descriptive title合同名称具有描述性的简单标题Date of Contract.D

52、ate of execution合同日期签字日.As of date订立日.Different from Effective Date? 是否和生效日不同?Name of Parties.Correct legal name合同当事人名称准确的法定名称.Legal status or form法律地位或者法律形式.Registered address or principle place of business注册地址或者主要营业地place of Execution.Optional可以省略Preliminary Statements 前言(签于条款)Purpose of Recitals:

53、Background Information NotSubstantive Provisions签于条款的目的:介绍背景情况而不应该包括实质性条款In recitals,the best1.lengthy recitalsPractice is to avoid:2. right or obligations在签于条款中,最好规定具体权利或义务避免出现以下情况:3. definition of operative terms对将在具体操作条款中出现的术语进行定If there is no unique background to the contract, perhaps no recital

54、s are required 如果交易本身并不具有独特的背景,也许应该省掉签于条款。Preliminary statements Sample Recitals(l)签于条款范例(1 ) Background Recital (Multiple contracts) 介绍合同背景的签于条款(涉及其他合同)(A) Borrower and Lender signed a loan agreement dated September 22,2002( Agreement II ).1 ) 借款人和贷款人订立日期为 2002 年 9 月 22 日的贷款协议( “贷款协议”);(B) Executio

55、n of this Security Agreement is a condition precedent to funding of The loan under the loan argeenment.2 ) 根据贷款协议的规定,签定本抵押协议是贷款人根据贷款合同提供资 金的先决条件。Background Recital (Project)介绍合同背景的签于条款(项目)(A) party A has obtained approval to design,construct and operate a public tollroad between9(city 1)and(city 2)

56、in (name of province), China(1) 甲方获得相关批准,在中国 X 省的 X 市之间建设并运营一条收费公 路(“合同项目” )(C) party B has extensive experience in the design and construction of toll roads.( 3) 乙方在收费公路的设计和建设方面具有丰富的经验;(D) party A desires to engage party B to perform design services and construction works for the Project, and Party B desires to accept such engagement,on the of this Contract.(4) 甲方愿意按照本合同的条款聘请乙方为合同项目提供设计服务和工程 建设服务,且

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论