Language-Transfer(二语习得论述题重点)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Language TransferDuring the process of foreign language learning, the influence of mother tongue in foreign language study can not be ignored. Generally speaking, there are positive transfer and negative transfer of mother tongue in foreign language learning. Positive transfer plays a p

2、ositive role in English learning, while negative transfer just the opposite and cause a lot of troubles. Language transfer mainly shows in the following aspects: Phonemics, vocabulary，grammar，writing etc. We should make best use of the advantages and overcome the disadvantages.Teachers:Teachers shou

3、ld help students find out the commonalities of two languages in the processing of teaching, and make Ss eliminate anxiety to learn English.(Awareness of the Differences and Similarities between Native Language and the Target Language the differences of the two languages are the important point in te

4、aching)Teachers also should view and handle students mistakes correctly, and dont correct and criticize too much when they make mistakes in order to avoid students not to use target language to express themselves.Pay attention to teaching methods. Having English-Chinese Bilingual Extensive Reading E

5、xercises;Effectively Utilizing Bilingual DictionariesStudents:Have a correct view on language transfer. in stead of regarding negative transfer as barriers in the process of learning English, learners should fully recognize it and realize that it is an essential stage and a learning strategy in the

6、process of English learning. Through contrastive analysis and error analysis one find out the causes of mistakes and make every effort to avoid or minimize negative transfer.Increasing the amount of language input. learners should be given a large amount of foreign language input, read more ,listen

7、more, practice more and recite more，especially the original English material, and learners should be encouraged to communicate with each other in English, only in this way can learners avoid or minimize the influence of negative transfer.Enhance the import of cultural background. In the process of t

8、eaching, teachers should use the method of contrastive analysis, and find out the differences and similarities of two languages through the comparison of them, especially the customs and historical background. Enhance the learning of culture background of Britain and America, only in this way can he

9、lp learners acquire a second language faster and better. The influence and interference of MT is inevitable.What we should do is to understand the root cause, the ways and classifications of MT Transfer and to have a better view of English learning.FossilizationAccording to Krashen there are five re

10、asons for fossilization. Insufficient quantity of the target language input ;Inappropriate quality of the target language input ;The affective filter ;The target language output filter ;The acquisition of deviant forms of the target language. According to many researchers, fossilization cant be elim

11、inate, but it can be reduced to some degree. Teachers: Formulating Appropriate Teaching Strategies At the initial stage:teachers should let students focus on the language. features of the target language and emphasize its accuracy and fluency. At the advanced stage, learners begin to leam the advanc

12、ed grammar and complex sentence structure, so teachers should warn students not to use some communicative skills or their learned knowledge to avoid or paraphrase their unfamiliar language. Helping Students formulate appropriate learning strategies Teachers should pay special attention to lead stude

13、nts to adopt the learning strategies which are suitable to the present stage and help students find out learning strategies which are right for them. Teachers should teach students how to leam and use different learning strategies with the change of learning content. Moreover, teachers should examin

14、e whether the learning strategies adopted by students are effective and make timely adjustments.Directing Students Communicative Strategies Teachers should cultivate students communicative competence and make students adopt active and effective strategies to solve the difficulties in the communicati

15、on to reduce the IL fossilization. In addition, teachers should increase more effective and correct input and guide students to adopt the correct communicative strategy and grasp the higher language competence, thus the fossilization cant appear early.Arousing Students Intrinsic Learning MotivationC

16、ultivating Students Cross-culture AwarenessCoping with Students Errors Correctly(giving effective feedback)Improving Teachers QualityStudents:Self-consciousness of language fossilizationReducing the negative transfer of mother tongue (Accumulation of declarative and procedural knowledge;Increase of

17、language output ;Exposure to Target language and Target language culture)Increasing the quality and quantity of optimal input. Adoption proper learning strategiesInterlanguageAll in all, teachers should keep in mind that interlanguage is a process which is approaching the target language step by ste

18、p. During this process students slowly revise the interim systems to accommodate new hypotheses about the target language system. Teachers should pay much attention to the studies of interlanguage so as to treat students interlanguage fairly and properly, value the training of learning strategies an

19、d provide students with more opportunities for comprehensible input and output so that learnersinterlanguage could develop rapidly towards the target language. Learning strategies should be taught or trained;Positive attitude towards errors;Input and output should be balanced in class;Make full use

20、of positive transfer.Critical Period HypothesisPutting Emphasis on Pronunciation and Listening; Paying AttentiontoTeaehing Strategies1. 在我国,外语学习并非越早越好，英语学习的最佳时期是10岁。2. 儿童与成人在外语学习上各有优势,但基础阶段的英语教学不应太迟。（不要晚于青少年的青春期）3. 良好的语言环境对学好外语非常重要。（高质量输入）4. 端正学习态度UG. 外语教学中要适量使用母语. 加大语料输入量和练习量，激励学习者对目标语进行参数设置，培养外语思维

21、意识，促进目标语输出。. 运用对比分析来促进目标语的学习. 避免机械记忆，发挥学习主动性MotivationIntergrative and instrumental motivationMotivation is one of the leading factors that can affect learners learning a second language. If learnersmotivation can be cultivated, it can accelerate other factors to promote learnersability. Thus, Engli

22、sh teachers should adopt some effective methods to cultivate the motivations of learners in the second language learning. The following methods may help cultivate learnersmotivation:Creating a pleasant and supportive learning atmosphere. Helping learners to set up appropriate goals. Developing learn

23、ers self-confidence Changing the traditional teaching method(Ss learn passively under the insturction of their Chinese English teachers. Giving learners appropriate praise (When students make progress, teachers should give them appropriate praise which can make them study harder.)Learning strategies

24、Three kinds: metacognitive; cognitive; social/affective1. know his Ss; their interests, motivations and learning styles.2. provide a wide range of learning strategies in order to meet the needs and expectations of his students possessing different learning styles, motivations, strategy preferences.

25、3. analyze his textbook to see whether the textbookk already includes language strategies or language learning strategies traning. T should look for new texts or other teaching materials if LLS are not already inculded within his materials.preparation: develop student awareness of different strategi

26、es. Presentation: develop student knowledge about strategies. Practice: develop student skills in using strategies for academic learning.Evaluation: develop student ability to evaluate own strategy use. Expansion: develop transfer of strategies to new tasks.Zone of proximal developmenThe zone of pro

27、ximal development is one of the most important concept of Vygotskys sociocultural perspective. Zone of proximal development is the gap between students. real standard of development and potential standard of development. To eliminate the gap is the objective of teaching. Knowing the childrens current development level. we must be clear about childrens component, learning style and attitude, temperament and so on. The zone of proximal development of each child is different, and one childs zone of proximal development in different situ