美国文学史复习大纲

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一：作家作品1. Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖theforemostnovelistoftheAmericanDepression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。代表作：“OfMiceandMen”人鼠之间port

2、rayedthetragicfriendshipbetweentwomigrantworkers“TheGrapesofWrath”愤怒的葡萄regardedasmasterpiece,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. T

3、heme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2. John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)-The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。三个士兵。 Experimental writing skills(实验性写作技巧)3. F. Scott Fitzgerald: he began as a spokesman for

4、the jazz age and became its symbol.爵士年代的代言人This Side of Paradise(1920), Tales of the Jazz Age(爵士时代的故事,1922,作品：“This Side of Paradise”人间天堂，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比Jay Gatz Daisy. Tom Buchanan . novel .theme: the hollowness of the upper class; the meaning of the past . desire inevit

5、ably invited disappointment, for the gap between actuality and possibility was only rarely bridge in his world. “Tender Is the Night” 夜色温柔 novel 第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望 Ash 灰(象征) forest树

6、木，西部开发，树木变成灰了 limited point of view有限视角 suspense悬念 + mystery神秘真实性reliable可信的，不偏，不评价4. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms(1929,救护车司机和一个英国护士之间的悲剧爱情), The Sun Also Rises(1926,反法西斯小说，歌颂兄弟般的友谊), For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940), The Old Man and the Sea(1952),硬汉形象(tough guy image),冰山原则风格(the iceberg princi

7、ple),生活态度：压力下的风度，失败者的尊严grace under pressure.5. William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury(喧哗与骚动,1929),Benjy:a moaning, speechless idiot.Quentin, Tason.Absalom, Absalom(押沙龙，押沙龙),1950年获诺贝尔文学奖(Nobel Prize in Literature)，意识流(stream of consciousness)、世系小说(Yoknapatawpha country) Light in August, Joe Christm

8、as.6. Katherine Anne Porter: Ship of Fools(愚人船,1962，讽刺纳粹主义Nazism兴起)7. Carson McCullers: The Member of the Wedding(1946-1950),人类精神的孤寂8. Eudora Welty: The Optimists Daughter(1972,Pulitzer Prize)9. A Good is Hard to Find(1955),南方哥特式风格Ezra Pound: The Cantos(1925),美国现代诗歌之父Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot

9、 became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。 major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”11.Robert Frost: New Hampshire(1923)对人类悲剧的恐惧，对复杂人生的态度，对生活负担的坦然罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet 诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected th

10、e revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative. (2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol. (3)His concern

11、with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win f

12、our Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. “The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑10. Langston Hughes: New Negro Renaissance哈林文艺复兴运动(Harlem Renaissance)中的重要作家和思想家，颂扬黑人生活11. Richard Wright: The Outsider(1953)Cross Damon, Native son(1940), Bigger Thomas .Black Boy(1945)autobiog

13、raphic .12. Eugene ONeil: 4次普利策，一次诺贝尔。Beyond the Horizon(1920),在天边外，表现主义，美国的莎翁(William Shakespeare) George Bernard Shaw.萧伯纳 Three greatest playwrights in English language theatre. Desire under the elms,榆树下的欲望。The Iceman Cometh.送冰的人来了。Long Days Journey into Night.进入黑夜的漫长旅程, 代表作。James Tyrone Sr. his w

14、ife, Mary.13. Joseph Heller: Catch-22(1961)第二十二条军规。Non-chronological style. self-contradictory. What is right to do in a basic moral, social, prisoners dilemma .14. Kurt Vonnegut: Slaughterhouse-Five(1969)第五号屠宰场 Billy Pilgrim.15. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon托马斯鲁格斯品钦 Gravitys Rainbow 万有引力之虹。Four parts: bey

15、ond the zero, un perms au casino Hermann goering, in the zone, the counter force.16. J.D.Salinger: The Cather in the Rye 麦田的守望者。Holden Caulfield, 16,Phoebe妹妹。Major theme of alienation as a form of self-protection, the painfulness of growing up and the phoniness of the adult world.17. Allen Ginsberg:

16、 Howl 嚎叫。Three sections. 金斯伯格被奉为“”之父，18. Saul bellow: The Victim(1947) The adventures of augie march (1953) Herzog (1964) Humboldts Gift.洪堡的礼物,诺贝尔奖和普利策奖。Seize the day .19. Toni Morrison: Song of Solomon (1977),Native Son. Invisible Man. milestone.The Bluest Eye(1970) .Beloved 1987,宠儿Sethe is a proud

17、 and noble woman. Magic realism 20. Alice Walker: The Color Purple(1982,普利策奖), 女权主义 ,黑人女性主义者womanism 。The color purple. Heroine is Celie ,Nettie is sister.Shug. theme: African womens growth against the backdrop of social and familial oppression.21. Amy Tan: The Joy Luck Club(1989)喜福会mother-daughter

18、relationship . jin-mei anh her mother suyuan woo.22. Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman(1949)推销员之死 Willy Loman 主角。Biff 大儿子。ALL My Sons. The crucible . after the fall. Pulitzer prize for drama .二：术语1. The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代): The Beat Generation applied to certain American artists and writers who

19、were popular during the 1950s. Essentially anarchic, members of the beat generation rejected traditional social and artistic forms. The beats sought immediate expression in multiple, intense experiences and beatific illumination like that of some Eastern religions. In literature they adopted rhythms

20、 of simple American speech and of jazz. Among those associated with the movement were the novelists Jack Kerouac and numerous poets as Allen Ginsburg, and Gregory Corso, and others, many of whom worked in and around San Francisco.垮掉的一代是指一个出现在20世纪50年代的美国艺术家和作家群体。他们骨子里崇尚无政府主义，拒绝传统社会和艺术形式。垮掉的一代寻求直接表达自己

21、经历情感的方式，追求的快乐的启迪例如一些东方宗教。在文学上，他们采用简单的美国对话及爵士音乐。著名的有杰克.克鲁亚克、艾伦.金斯堡、威廉.巴罗斯、格雷戈里.柯尔索等，及其他在旧金山周边工作的人。2. Black Humor(黑色幽默): Black Humor, in literature, is drama, novel, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern word. Ordinary char

22、acters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic farce. The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joesph Heller, and Philip Roth con

23、tain elements of black humor.在文学上，黑色幽默是指在戏剧、小说、电影、奇异故事里运用的病态的幽默。黑色幽默突出描写现代人物周围世界的荒谬和麻木，矛盾和残酷将普通的场景加以放大、扭曲，变成畸形，使他们显得更加荒诞不经，滑稽可笑，体现出悲剧性。此流派重要的代表作家有巴思、海勒、冯内古特等人。3. Expressionism(表现主义): In literature, expressionism is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, seeking to achieve a psycho

24、logical or spiritual reality rather than record external events in logical sequence. In the novel, the term is closely allied to the writing of Franz Kafka and Jams Joyce. The movement, though short-lived, gave impetus to a free form of writing and of production in modern theater.在文学上，表现主义一般被认为是对现实主

25、义和自然主义的反驳，与这两者客观记录事实不同，表现主义试图描述心理和精神的现实。在小说中，这一概念在弗兰兹.卡夫卡、詹姆斯.乔伊斯的作品中表现的最为明显，这场运动虽然持续时间不长，却促进了一种更自由的写作风格以及现代戏剧的发展。4. Imagism(意象主义):Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favoured precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The imagists wanted “direct treatment o

26、f the thing” and a rhythm like that of a musical phase. Instead of having the poet tell us what we should be feeling, Pound and his colleagues wanted an image to produce the emotion, to “speak for itself”.意象主义是20世纪初期英美诗歌界掀起的一场运动，这场运动提倡诗歌应遵循意象的准确性，使用清洗准确的语言。意象主义者提倡直接反映事物，诗韵应有乐感。庞德以及他的跟随者认为应由意象产生情感，而不

27、是作者告诉读者应有何种情感。5. Modernism(现代主义):The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on

28、the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.从1910到1930年这一段时间被称作现代主义时期，因为在这一时期，不论是在美国还是在欧洲人们都认识到一种强烈的与过去的“决裂”，新艺术家们都渴望反映现代生活的复杂性，都渴望通过重新构建，有时候甚至放弃19世纪的思想和习惯来聚焦于20世纪的多样性

29、和困惑之上。6. Postmodernism(后现代主义):It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. Postmodernism may be seen as a continuation of modernisms alienated mood and disorienting techniques and at the same time as an abandonment of its determined que

30、st for artistic coherences a fragmented world greets the absurd or meaningless confusion of contemporary existence with a certain numbed or flippant indifference.这个具有争议的名词概念是从20世纪80年代早期应用于近几十年的现代文化领域。后现代主义被认为继承了现代主义异化和杂乱无章的技巧，同时现代主义艺术家或作家还试图从深化、象征、或复杂的形式中找寻意义。7. 现代主义和后现代主义的区别：后现代主义是对于现代主义的一种装饰性(deco

31、rative)发展，不单单强调现代主义中的功能性，更以装饰手法达到视觉上的丰富。但后现代主义是对现代主义形式(form)内容的批判，并不是对其思想(thought)的挑战。8.the Jazz Age(爵士乐时代）享乐时代、when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New Yorks Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Ag

32、e as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.9.Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）、Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywereaLostGeneration, devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyofexpatriates orexile

33、s.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.10. Metafiction :is a type of fiction that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction, exposing the fictional illusion. It is the literary term describing fictional writing that se