英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

1、英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性 ：S aid of an appxoach that studies language ata theoxetralpohtW kind“ noftin edescrptbn. whrh mkes afixed instant Msua 火,butnotnecessari, the present), as its point of observation. M ostgxam m a is are of ihis kind.i开言 ：The abstract Ihguistic system shared by a 11m em bexs of a spe

2、ech com m unity.:Language is a system of aibitmiy vocalsym bolused forhum an com m unratbn.任意性:0 ne des 鱼 n feature of hum an hnguage, whrh refers to the fece thatlhe forni s of linguistic signs bearno natuxalxelatbnshp to theirm eanhg.第二课音位:P honobgy is concerned w ith the speech sounds w hich dist

3、hguish m eanhg. The basic unit n phonobgy is called phonem e ; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体：The diferentphones which can xepresenta phonem e h diferent phone tic environm entare called the albphones ofthatphonem e.pair 最小对立体:W hen two dferentfoim s are identical in eveiy w ay excep

4、tfor one sound segm entwhrh occurs n the sam e place in ihe sthgs, the two w oids are said to form a m in in alpair 第三课形态学：M ozphobgy is a blanch of gram m arwhrh studies the htemalstmcture ofw oxds and the niles by which w oids are fcim ed .m oxphem es 派生词素 :S om e m oiphem es which change the cate

5、goiy or gram m atralchss ofw oids are ca Uedm orphem es 曲 折词素 ：S om e bound m orphem es which axe for the m ostpartpure gram m aticalm aikeiB and signify such concepls as tense, num bei; case and so on.第四课i开去 句法 ：A bianch ofIhguistbs -ttiatstudies how words are com bhed to form sentences and the rul

6、es -ftiatgovemihe fom a ton of sentences.categories 句去范畴 ：W oids can be grouped together into a xebtive卜 sm aHnum ber of chsses, called syntactic categories.structuxe深层结构:Fom ed by 由e XP rule h accordance w ith the heads subcategorEatbnrdes,iscaItedpiopedeep stmcturc orD -structure.stxuctuie表层结构 ：C

7、onespondhg to ihe fiialsyntactic foxm oflhe sentence which results fem appropriatetensfoxm atbns, is called Surfece stxucturc orS-stmcture.第五课指称 ：R efexence m cans w hata linguistic fcim refers to n the real physralw orld; it deals w ith the xehtbnshp betw een the linguistic elem entand the non-hgui

8、stic world of experience.同音异义：Hom onym y refers to the phenom enon thatw ords having diferentm eaniigs have the sam e foim , . diferent w oids are ilenticalh sound or spelling, or h both.上下一义关系：H yponym y refers to the sense rehtbn betw een a m ore general, m ore nchsi/e w oid and a m ore specific w

9、 oid.第六课语用学：P ragm a tbs can be defined as the study ofhow speakeis of a language use sentences to efect successfillcom m unratbn.话语.：a sentence as what people actual utter h the couise ofcom m unratbn.m eanhg 话语意义：U tteiance is based on sentence m eanhg; ibis realization of the abstractm eanhg of a

10、 sentence h a xealsituatbn ofcom m unication, or sin p 卜 n a contextact 言夕卜行为 :An ilbcutbnaiy actis the actexpresshg the speakerit is theF acts peifem edhtentbn； h sayhgsom ethhg.二、简答题第一课1. W hataxe the m a j?rbianches of linguistics W hatdoes each of them studyPhonetics ： The study of sounds used h

11、 linguistic com m unratbn. Itdescrbes iidiilualspeech sounds and indicates the ir phys r a lor phonetic properties.Phonobgy: It studies the ways h w hrh these sounds fonn patterns and system s and how ihey w oik to convey m eaning in the system of bnguage.M oiphobgy: A field of focused on Uie study

12、of 1he form s and fem atbn ofwoids h a language Syntax: A setofrules thatgovem how woids are com bined to foim phrases and sentences.Piagm atbs: 1he study of atfie use of language h a socialcontext2. W hatchaiacteristES of hnguage do you think should be hclided h a good, com prehensile definition of

13、 hnguageThe in portant chaiacteris tics which should be included h a good defeitbn of hnguage are separate：system a tic,aibitrary and vocal .F irstofall hnguage is a system . Ithas its own setofiules :for people to abide by, orpeople w illuse the hnguage h a wiung way. S econd, language is aibittaiy

14、 h the sense thatthere is no htrhsr connectbn between a linguistic sym boland whatthe sym bolstands for The feet that difercnt hnguage s have diflfexentw oids for the sam e obpct is a good flhstetbn of the aibitiaiy natuxe of language.Third , language is vocalbecause the prin aiy m ediim fora IL lan

15、guages is sound.3. W hataxe the m ah features of hum an language thathave been specified byto show that it is essentia 应dififexentfom anin alcom m unratbn system1) Aibiterhess： no natuial/in otkrated,/lDgralreatiDnshp between the s鱼n and whatthe sign stands for2) Piuductivity: piovides opportunities

16、 for sending m essages thathave neverbeen sentbefore and for undeistandhg novelm essages.3) Duality: language is a system , which consists oflwo sets ofstuctuxes, ortwo levels.4) D ispheem ent: can be used to refer to things realor in agiied, past; prcsentor fiiture5) C u hural ten sm issbn 第二课1. H

17、ow do phonetics and phonobgy differ h their focus of study W ho do you think w ULbe m oxe htexested h the dffifegntbelween say|iandfl,|pand|ph,a phonetichn ora phibbgistW hy语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetrs deserptbn ofallspeech sounds and their find deferences.Phonology deserptbn of

18、sound system s of particular hnguage s and how sounds ftinctbri to distnguish m eanhg.A phonetrnn would be m ore intezested in such differences cos such dififezences w illnotcos diflferences h m eanhg.2. W hat is phone H ow is itdifeientfiom a phonem e how are albphones rehted to a phonem e Phone is

19、 a phonetic unit; ithas no m eanhg.Phonem e is a phonobgralunitw ith distinctive valie .The phonem e /V can be realized as daxk/t%nd cleai/14whrh are albphones of the phonem e /l/A Jbphonesactualrealization of a phonem e in diferent phone tic contexts.第三课1. Think of three m oiphem e suffixes, give t

20、heirm eaning and specify the types of stem they m ay be suffixed to.G ive at leasttwo exam pLs of each.S uffix: f gM ean-g : denoting a veibalactbn, an instance of this, or its result.S tern type ： added to verbsExam pies ： fighthg : denote the actbn of battlebuilding ： denote the actbn of constxuct

21、bnSuffix: -ableM eaniig : able to beStem type： added to verbsE xam pks: avoidable : able to be prevented Sumcalculable ： able to be m easurcd orassessedSuffix: HstM eanhg: denoting a m em ber of a piufession orbusiness activityStem type : added to nounsExam pies： dram atist: a person who writes play

22、sdentist: a peison who treats the teelh disease2. Think of thrce m oiphem e prefixes, give theirm eaniig, and specify the types of stem they m ay be prcfeed to.G ive at leasttwo exam pLs of each.1) prcfe: un-m eanhg ： denothg the absence of a quality or state ; not stem type : added to nounsexam pie

23、s: unacadem r: notadopthg or characteristic of a scholar appioach or hnguage unhappy:nothappy2) prefix: anti-m eaniig : opposed to ; againststem type ： added to nounsexam phs: antirabortion : opposhg or legislating againstm edi?a induced abortion antrart: agahstthe traditbnalart3) prcfe:m eanhg :.on

24、ce m ore ; afesh ; anewstem type : added to veibsexam pies: restart: startonce m orereaccustom : accustom (som eone) to som ethhg agan 第五课1. W hatarc the m ajrtypes of synonym s in English 并举例1) dnleeta 1 synonym ssynonym s used in diflfercntregional2) S tyistic synonym s: synonym s diflferhg h styl

25、e3) Synonym s thatdiferin theirem otkre orevaliaWe m eanhg4) C olbcatbnalsynonym s: whatw ords they go togetherw ith5) S em antica 厉 d 违 lent synonym s: difer fium the w oids ihem sekes2. E xp la h w ith exam pies “ homonymy , “ posem y ” , and “ hyponym y ” .H om onym y : H om onym y refers to the

26、phenom enon thatwoids having diferentm eanngs have the sam e form , dififerentwoxds are ilenticalTi sound or spellhg, or in both. W hen two w oids are ilenticalri sound, ihey are hom ophones. W hen two woids are ilenticalh spelling, they are hom ogiaphs. W hen tow words are identical h bolh sound an

27、d spelling, ihey are com plete hom onym s. The exam pies are as :follow ed:Hom ophones: rah/ieignn：ighknightpiece4)eaceH om ogiaphs: bow v./bow n. tearv./tearn.C om plete hom onym s: festad j/festv.PoVsem y ： while diferentwoids m ay have the sam e orsin ihrm eaniig, the sam e one woid m ay have m o

28、re than one m eaniig. This is whatwe callposem y, and such a woid is called a po卜sem r word. The m ore com m on卜 used a w oid is, the m ore Ike卜 ithas acquired m ore than one m eaning. For exam pie, the w oid table has at least six m eaniigs when w e bok it up n the drtbnaxy:1. a piece offiimiture2.

29、 a lithe people seated ata table3. 1he food -thatis puton a table4. a thin flatpiece of stone, m ental w ood, etc5. oider arrangem entoffects, figures, etc6. partofa m achinetoolon which the woik is putto be opeiated on H yponym y refers to the sense rebtbn betw een a m ore genera, m ore hchsire w o

30、xd and a m ore specific w oxd. The wond which is m ore generalh m eanhg is called -the supeioidhate, and the m ore specific woids are called its hyponym s. H yponym s of the sam e supexoidhate are coHi yponym s to each other For exam ph,S upexoidknte : flow erH yponym s: lose, tulp, carnation, 曲，m o

31、ming gobxy 第六课1. W hatdoes piagm a tics study H ow does itdifer fiom traditiDnalsem antics答： G enexally speakng, pxagm a tics is the study ofm eanhg h the context Itstudies m eanhg h a dynam r w ay and as a process. In older to have a successfiilcom m unratbn, the speaker and hearerm usttake the con

32、text into iheir consBeiatbn so as to efectthe rhtm eaniig and htentbn. The devebpm entand estabhshm entpragm a tbs h 1960s and 1970s resulted m a inly Sum the expansbn of the study sem antics. However; it is difexentfom the teditbnalsem antics. The m a diference between them lies h thatpragm a tbs s

33、tudies m eanhg h a dynam r way, while sem antics studies m eanhg in a static w ay. Pragm a tics takes context iito considexatbn while sem antics does not Pragm a tics takes care of the aspectofm eanhg that is notaccounted forby sem antics.2. W hataxe the five types of ilbcutionaiy speech acts S earh

34、 has specified W hat is the ilbcutbnaiy point of each type答： (1) representaWes ： stating or deserving, saying whatthe speakerbelieves to be true(2) directives: trying to getthe heaxer to do som ethiig8) com m issues: com m itthg the speakerhin self to som e flitLire couise of actbn(A) expressives ：

35、expresshg feelhgs or attitude tow aids an existhg(5) dechiatbns: brhgng about in m ednte changes by sayhg som e thingThe ilbcutbnaiy poiitof ihe iepresentatkTes is to com m it the speaker to som ethiigs behg the case, to the trn 由 ofwhathas been said, in otherw oixis, when perfoim ing an ilbcutbnaiy

36、 act of representaWe, the speaker is m aking a statem entora deserptbn which he hin selfbelieves to be true. Stating, believiig, sweating, hypothesizing are am ong the m osttypralofthe xepresentatkres.D irectives ate attem pts by the speaker to getthe heaxer Id do som e-thng. Mvithg, suggesting, req

37、uesting, advising, wanting, thrcatening and oxderhg axe allspecific instances ofihis ebss.C om m issives axe those ilbcutbnaiy acts w hose pont is to com m it the speaker to som e fijture course of actbn, . when speakhg the speakerputs hin selfundera certaii obligation. Piom ishg, undertaking, vow ng are the m ostpralones.The ilbcutbnaiy poiitof exp lessees is to