unit 1 Sources of Energy

1、Unit 1Sources of EnergyListen to thisQuestions:1. What does petroleum mean in Latin?2. What are the sour oil and sweet oil?3. What made oil popular?4. When was the first oil well drilled? 5. When was Standard Oil formed? And whats its business?Ans:Rock oil.Sour oil contains a lot of sulfur and sweet

2、 oil is low in sulfur and often more valuable. A method was found to make kerosene fuel from petroleum, which became popular for heating and lighting. In 1859.By 1870, Rockefeller and his partners formed the Standard Oil Company. Standard Oil and other companies that it owned performed every level o

3、f production - from drilling to refining to transporting and selling.Petroleum By Isaac Asimovl Russia an American professor of biochemistry at Boston University and writerl science fiction and popular science booksl Most of his popular science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way,

4、going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Structure of the text:Part I: (paras1-3) FormationPart II: (paras4-6) Production and TransportationPart III: (paras7-12) ApplicationPart : (paras13-16) DistributionPassage A PetroleumStudents Presentation

5、sedimentary rock: 1) layers of sandy or clayey rock (strata); 2) tends to split along layers; mostly brown or gray; 3) may have fossils and water or wind marks. The beauty of sedimentary rocks is that their strata(地层) are full of clues to what the past world was like. Those clues might be fossils, m

6、arks left by water currents or more subtle features seen under the microscope or in the lab. From these clues we know that most sedimentary rocks are of marine origin, usually forming in shallow seas. But some sedimentary rocks formed on land which are called continental or terrigenous（陆源） (land-for

7、med) sedimentary rocks.igneous rockmetamorphic rockTranslation&Learning:The rocks in which it is found are almost always of ocean origin and the petroleum-forming organisms must have been ocean creatures rather than trees.(Para.1)含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。物

8、一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。 Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layers of the ocean.(Para.2)石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木

9、质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。比如浮游生物：大量于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。Its necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage.(Para.3) 只需要生物有机体在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的只需要生物有机体在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。淤泥里。Instead of deco

10、mposing and decaying, the fat accumulates, is trapped under further layers of ooze, undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms, and finally is petroleum. (Para.3)其脂质不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥其脂质不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。 当几个状语出现在同一句子时，当几个状语出现在同一句子时，英语英语的排列次序的排列次序

11、一般是：一般是：方式状语，地点状语，时间状语方式状语，地点状语，时间状语；而；而汉语汉语则是：则是：时间状语，地点状语，方式状语时间状语，地点状语，方式状语。 n The communications satellite can provide effectively voice and data signals to any place and at any time. 通信卫星可以在任何时间向任何地点有效地传递语音和数据信号。nTransistors were successfully developed in U.S.A. in 1948. 晶体管于1948年在美国被成功地研制出来。nI

12、n general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second.译：一般来说，金属都是良导体，其中以银为最好， 铜次之。（修辞加词，语气连贯）nIf A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B.译：若A=D，则A+B=D+B（增加关联词）origin1) the beginning or cause of something根源，来源 the origin of the universe The students are studying

13、the origins of jazz in America. What is the origin of the rumor?2) The country, race, or social class of a persons parents or ancestors 出身 your working-class origins His origins were humble.be of origin The family is of Scandinavian origin. They were often of uncertain origin.originatevi. to come in

14、to being; startoriginate from /in sth. 由某事产生,引起originate from/with sb. 由某人发起,首创All theories originate from / in practice and in turn serve practice. The film originated in / from a short story. The optic theory originated with Einstein. vt. to bring into being; createThe use of steam originated many

15、 other reforms. Who originated the concept of stereo sound? decomposev. to rot and start to fall apart-pos-: to place, to put Can you figure out the meanings of following words?compose com-: togetherexpose ex-: outdispose dis-: apart, awayimpose im-: on, uponoppose op-/ob-: againstpropose pro-: forw

16、ardsuppose sup-/sub-: under nOil and gas accumulation can be summarized with the following six keywords (1) resource (mother rock)-源岩 (2) reservoir - 储层 (3) cap-rock - 盖层 (4) migration - 运移 (5) trap - 圈闭 (6) conservation - 保存Pores are open spaces between the particles of a rock.The more pore space,

17、the higher the porosity.Pores may contain air, gas, or liquid (water or oil).The more “connected” the pores, the higher the permeability.Pore fluids will flow more easily in rocks that are more permeable.The Inorganic Theoryn In defense of their views, those who argue in favor of an abiotic origin,

18、observe that: n Some petroleum from deeper and hotter levels almost completely lacks biological evidence. nMethane is found in many areas where a biogenic origin is improbable. nHydrocarbon deposits of a large area often show common chemical features independent of the varied composition or geologic

19、al ages of the formations in which they are found.nThe regional association of hydrocarbons with the inert gas, helium, and a higher level of natural helium seepage in petroleum-bearing regions has no explanation in the theories of biological origin. Students PresentationA Horsehead Pump for mechani

20、c production well Anatomy of an oil rig Rotary drilling rigTranslation:Petroleum seeping upward reaches that rock and then remains below it in a slowly accumulating pool.(Para.5) 向上渗透的石油抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。Translation:Once the petroleum was obtained, it could be moved overland through pipes, rathe

21、r than in freight trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded, as was the case with coal. (Para.6) 一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必象煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来必象煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。运输。 Students PresentationPetrochemicalsChemicals produced from petroleumThe Graduate 1967“Plastics.”ALL PLAS

22、TICS are petrochemicals.polystyrene,plstarin 聚苯乙烯31polycarbonate, etc.聚碳酸酯聚碳酸酯32PVCsolvents33Polyester（聚酯）: The most widely used artificial fiber in the U.S. apparel & home furnishings, plus bottles, fiberglass, LCDs, holograms, filters, insulators, auto body parts, and more.34Apparel, carpets,

23、musical strings, fishing line, racket strings, rope, auto parts, machine parts, suturesNylon35More usessterilizers (food & medical supplies)rubbing alcoholsynthetic rubberdetergentsdyesphenols (antiseptics)TNTdrugspackagingriot shieldseyeglass lensesauto partsdistillWhen a liquid is distilled, i

24、t is purified by being heated until it vaporizes, then it is condensed by cooling the vapor, and then it will be collected. dis-/di-: apart -still-: dropdistiller 蒸馏酒制造者，蒸馏器distillery 蒸馏室，蒸馏酒制造厂所instill 逐渐灌输，徐徐滴入vapour, vaporize, evaporatevaporize: to convert or be converted into vaporevaporate: 1)

25、When a liquid evaporates, it changes into a gas, usually because it has been heated. 2)to become less and eventually disappears altogethernThe sun will evaporate the mist. nAll the water has evaporated. nRumours evaporated. nMy nervousness pact adj.1) closely and firmly united or packed together; de

26、nse： ncompact clusters of flowers2) occupying little space compared with others of its type:na compact camera/computerna compact car3) brief and to the point; concise:na compact narration4) marked by or having a short, solid physique:na wrestler of compact buildv. to press something and make it more

27、 densen. 合同；契约Translation:Such internal combustion engines are more compact than earlier steam engines and can be made to start at a moments notice, whereas steam engines require a waiting period while the water reserve warms to the boiling point.(Para.10)这种内燃机与蒸汽机相比，机身小巧，可这种内燃机与蒸汽机相比，机身小巧，可以瞬间启动以瞬间

28、启动; ; 而蒸汽机需要一定时间，等而蒸汽机需要一定时间，等待储水加热到沸点。待储水加热到沸点。 Students PresentationTranslation:The greater convenience of petroleum as compared with coal is, however, balanced by the fact that petroleum exist on Earth in far smaller quantities than coal does.(para.13)然而，石油相对于煤的便利却被另一个事实所抵然而，石油相对于煤的便利却被另一个事实所抵消：地

29、球上石油的数量比煤少得多。消：地球上石油的数量比煤少得多。石油相对于煤来说有很大的便利性，但石油在地石油相对于煤来说有很大的便利性，但石油在地球上的储量比煤少得多。球上的储量比煤少得多。Translation:Kuwait, for instance, which is a small nation at the head of the Persian Gulf, with an area only three-fourths that of Massachusetts and a population of about half a million, possesses about one-

30、fifth of all the known petroleum reserves in the world.(Para.14)Summary of Passage A (1)Summary of Passage A (1) Petroleum is found in _ and is probably formed from the _ matter of long dead living organisms which is mostly of _ origin. After those creatures die they _ into the _ underlying shallow

31、arms of the ocean. Under conditions of _, the fatty matter _, is _ under further layers of the ooze. There, the atom combination of fatty matter, that is the _ atom and _ atom, undergoes minor _, finally petroleum is formed. There is little chemical change involved. sedimentary rocksfattyoceansettle

32、 downoozeoxygen shortageaccumulatestrappedhydrogencarbonrearrangement Petroleum is lighter than water, being liquid, tends to _ upward through the _ that cover it. The ancient people called it _ or _ which was considered as _ instead of _. But in most cases, petroleum is covered by _, still they go

33、up and accumulate into a _, which means a _ must be drilled to bring up petroleum. Sometimes there is huge _, petroleum simply gushes high into the air.porous rocksasphaltoozemedicinenonporous rockspitchfuelpoolholepressureSummary of Passage A (2)Summary of Passage A (2)Summary of Passage A (3)Summa

34、ry of Passage A (3) After obtained, petroleum is usually moved by _. It is being more and more widely used: _ to give light in late 19th century, _ to power engines and now mostly as _. The demand for petroleum is still _. Though consumed quite a lot, there is not so much petroleum in the earth comp

35、ared to coal, and its _ distributed. _ has the most petroleum, and countries like _is specially rich in oil. Such imbalanced distribution also has caused lots of political problems. pipeskerosenegasolinefuelzoomingnot evenlyArabic-speaking countriesKuwaitBuild Your Vocabularyacculumatemyriad/ chunks

36、ingle-celled / moleculeundergo / underlie under-overlie / overland over-inflammable in (进入) + flame (火) +-ableSyn. flammable Ant. uninflammable zoom / exceed zoom in / outWords For Comprehension under-: (prefix)1. below: undergrowth/undergraduate 2. not enough: underdevelopedover-: (prefix)1)在上，在外，从

37、上，越过 overbridge overlook2)过度，太甚 overheat overdrink3) 颠倒，反转 overturn overthrowGive the corresponding words according to the English explanations.nto increase very rapidly _nthe transportation of goods by lorries, trains, ships, or aeroplanes _nto flow through very slowly and in small amounts _na larg

38、e number of _nto experience; to endure _nto flow forth suddenly in great volume _nOne who explores an area for mineral deposits or oil. _nthe process of burning _zoom freightseepmyriadundergogushprospectorcombustioncompacted originated from origin evaporatednThe style of architecture _the ancient Gr

39、eeks.nThe _ of the flood was three weeks of torrential rains.nThe pool of water on the playground _ in the sun.nThe sales lady _ a neat package out of all my wifes purchases. compactedoriginated fromoriginevaporatedVocabulary related to petroleumnChina University of Petroleum 中国石油大学nMinistry of Education 教育部nCNPC， China national petro