英语简单句（课堂PPT）

1、初中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论2一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要主要成分有主语和谓语；成分有主语和谓语；次要次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和补足语、同位语和插入语插入语。3主语主语: :(Subject)(Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事. . 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there b

2、ethere be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：和主语从句等表示。例如：41.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the

3、 students in this class are girls。4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）57.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作

4、形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）6 谓语谓语 (Predicate) (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：构成如下： 1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning.He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. The plane

5、 took off at ten oclock.782. _ Our chalk has run out. On hearing the news, he cheered. 高考经常考查的不及物动词高考经常考查的不及物动词: “发生发生” _; _; _ ; _ _ “用完用完,用光用光”_; _. 不及物动词的用法不及物动词的用法: 无无 _, 无无_ 主语主语 + 谓语谓语 (S + V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak outrun out give out 宾语宾语被动语态被动语态9e.g. .“过去的几年里我们学校发生了过去的几年里我们学校

6、发生了很大的变化很大的变化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was happened yesterday? (改错改错)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.10表语表语(Predicative)(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如一般位于系动词（如be, bec

7、ome, get, look, be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seemgrow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：从句表示。例如： 111.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The spee

8、ch is exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）126.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）13注意

9、：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1 1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有bebe一词，一词，例如：例如： He He isis a teacher. a teacher. 2 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, keep, remain, stay, lie, standstand, ,

10、例如：例如：He always He always kept kept silent at meeting.silent at meeting. 3 3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look,seem, appear, look, 例例如：如：He He seems seems (to be) very sad.(to be) very sad. 14注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等表语，说明主

11、语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 4 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, feel, smell, sound, tastetaste, , 例如：例如：This kind of cloth This kind of cloth feelsfeels very soft. very soft. 5 5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runrun. .例如：

12、例如：The river was beginning to The river was beginning to runrun dry. dry. 6 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn outprove, turn out, , 表达表达 结果是结果是; ;证明是证明是 ，之意，例如：之意，例如：The rumor The rumor proved proved false. false. His plan His plan turned outturned out a success. a success. 15系动词的用法系

13、动词的用法: (注意三点注意三点) +_作表语作表语; 无无 _; 无无 _; e.g. The dish _. (尝起来好吃尝起来好吃) The story _. (听起来有趣听起来有趣).adj. 宾语宾语被动语态被动语态tastes delicioussounds interesting16 宾语宾语（ObjectObject）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain p

14、revented me from coming 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）174.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see

15、me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）18宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the no

16、vel to William yesterday. for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.19下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, he

17、lp, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire 等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.20下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the wind

18、ow .21下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，语，但意义不同， 如如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。 forget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”， forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来) I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了书已还给他了)22宾语补足语宾语补足语（Object Complem

19、entObject Complement） 用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make 等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：231.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their bo

20、at white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）24以上的成分称为以上的成分称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整。完整的句子一般至少包含的句子一般至少包含2-4

21、个基本成分个基本成分。25定语：定语：修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to

22、enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.（形容词）（形容词）（分词）（分词）（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（从句）（从句）26状语状语：修饰：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。说明

23、动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当2728同位语同位语: 对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释. That is Mr. Chen, our English teacher. 插入语插入语: 对一句话作一些附加的解释对一句话作一些附加的解释. To be honest, I dont quite agree with you.定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分附属句子成分。29Last week I went to the supermarket.Last wee

24、k I went to the supermarket. 状状 主主 谓谓 状状The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting. 主主 系状表系状表I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word. 主谓主谓 宾宾They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly. 主主 谓谓 状状分析句子成分分析句子成分30It was Sunday.It was Sunday. 主主 系系 表表I never get up early on Sundays.I

25、never get up early on Sundays. 主状谓状状主状谓状状I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主谓主谓 宾宾young woman angrily. 宾宾 状状31I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主主 谓谓 定定 宾宾 连连 主谓主谓understand a word. 谓谓 宾宾My holidays p

26、assed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主谓状主谓状 连主连主didnt send cards to my friends.谓谓 宾宾 状状32I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards. 主谓主谓 状状 连连 谓谓 定定 宾宾He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great nu

27、mber of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主主 谓谓 状状 连主谓连主谓already visited a great number of different 状谓状谓 定定 定定places in Australia.宾宾 定定3334基本句型基本句型 一一1. Time 2. The sun 3. The man4. Everybodyflies. rises. cooked. laughed此句型中动词是不及物动词此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语

28、可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，状语，如，如，The red sun rises in the east.352. _ Our chalk has run out. On hearing the news, he cheered. 高考经常考查的不及物动词高考经常考查的不及物动词: “发生发生” _; _; _ ; _ _ “用完用完,用光用光”_; _. 不及物动词的用法不及物动词的用法: 无无 _, 无无_ 主语主语 + 谓语谓语 (S + V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak outrun out gi

29、ve out 宾语宾语被动语态被动语态36e.g. .“过去的几年里我们学校发生了过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化很大的变化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was happened yesterday? (改错改错)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.37基本句型 二1. He 2. The dinner3. The weather is sm

30、ellsbecame tall and strong. good. warmer. 此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系系动词有三类：动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：表示特征和存在状态的： be, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表状态延续的：表状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表状态

31、变化表状态变化 的：的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow38 基本句型基本句型 三三（及物动词）（及物动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. I 4. I5. Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer? her. to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一

32、结构异常复杂。常复杂。39 基本句型基本句型 四四（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. I 2. Heshowedboughthimme my pictures. a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词介词to 或或for。H

33、e bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.40用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。朝着，向着，对着某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助（需借助 to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等等（需借助（

34、需借助for的）的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing等。等。41 基本句型基本句型 五五（及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1. We 2. They 3. We 4. I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean. dinner. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。个补

35、充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。42注意：用注意：用 it it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即即 主语主语 + 谓语谓语 + it + 宾补宾补 + 真正宾语真正宾语。如，。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的动词有常用于此句型的动词有:think, believe, consider, suppose, find, feel, make43使用使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他感到很难

36、跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。 2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 3.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 4. 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 2.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 3.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up whe

37、n class begins. 4.I thought it no use talking with that man You are sitting on the train home. There comes the bus ! The egos potential for expansion is limitless. Breckenridge hosts the international Snow Sculpture Championships. Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday. We think it our duty to

38、study well.判断下列句子属于何种句式判断下列句子属于何种句式Exercises :Exercises :更正下列句子的错误更正下列句子的错误Exercises :Exercises :1. He came the room. 2. The music sounds. 3. I have seen. 4. He gave a pen me. 5. The boss made the boy to work hard. 6. My father bought a book to me. 1. He came into the room. 2. The music sounds wonde

39、rful. 3. I have seen the film.4. He gave a pen to me. 5. The boss made the boy work hard. 6. My father bought a book for me . Exercises :Exercises : 翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：1. 1.我经常在早晨读英语。我经常在早晨读英语。 2. 2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.3.我的老师交给我一封信。我的老师交给我一封信。4. 4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5. 5.我们叫我们的老师王先生我

40、们叫我们的老师王先生 6. 6.他正在房里做家庭作业。他正在房里做家庭作业。1. I often read English in the morning. 2. Mary is a clever student. 3. My teacher gave me a letter. 4. My mother often asks me to study hard. 5. We call our teacher Mr. Wang. 6. He is doing his homework in the room. 主主 + + 谓谓 + + 宾宾主主 + + 系系 + + 表表 主主 + + 谓谓 +

41、+ 双宾双宾 主主+ + 谓谓 + + 宾宾 + +宾补宾补主主+ + 谓谓 + + 宾宾 + + 宾补宾补主主 + + 谓谓 + + 宾宾47英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。子结构的基础。48分类分类说明说明例句例句简简单单句句由一个主语或并列主由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系一套主谓关系。1. Tom and I found her

42、there. 2. We all breathe, eat and work.并并列列句句由并列连词由并列连词（and,so,but, or等）等）把两个或两个以上的把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构简单句连在一起而构成的句子。成的句子。1. He likes eggs, but he doesnt like chickens.2. Work hard or you will fall behind.复复合合句句由一个主句和一个或由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成一个以上的从句构成的句子的句子1. I believe you are right.2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam.49翻译下列句子：翻译下列句子：50 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered m