分子生物学习题题库

1、第一部分 名词解释1Abundance (mRNA 丰度)2Abundant mRNA (高丰度mRNA)3Acceptor splicing site (受体剪切位点)4Acentric fragment (无着丝粒片段)5Active site (活性位点)6Allele (等位基因)在7Allelic exclusion (等位基因排斥)8Allosteric control (别构调控)9Alu-equivalent family (Alu 相当序列基因)10Alu family (Alu家族)11-Amanitin(鹅膏覃碱)12Amber codon (琥珀密码子)13Amber

2、mutation (琥珀突变)14Amber suppressors (琥珀抑制子)15Aminoacyl-tRNA (氨酰-tRNA)16Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (氨酰-tRNA 合成酶)17Amphipathic structure (两亲结构)18Anchorage dependence (贴壁依赖)19Aneuploid (非整倍体)20Annealing (退火)21Anterograde (顺式转运)22Antibody (抗体)23Anticoding strand (反编码链)24Antigen (抗原)25Antiparallel (反式平行)2

3、6Antitermination protein (抗终止蛋白质)27AP endonucleases (AP 核酸内切酶)28Apoptosis (细胞凋亡)29Archeae (古细菌)30Att sites (Att位点) 31Attenuation (衰减) 32Attenuator (衰减子) 33Autogenous control (自体调控) 34Autonomous controlling element (自主控制元件) 35Autoradiography (放射性子显影) 36Autosomes (常染色体) 37B lymphocytes or B cell (B淋巴细

4、胞或B 细胞) 38Backcross (回交) 39Back mutation (回复突变) 40Bacteriophage (细菌噬菌体) 41Normal chromosomes (常染色体) 42Base pair (碱基对) 43Bidirectinal replication (双向复制) 44Bivalent (二价染色体) 45Blastoderm (囊胚层) 46Blocked reading frame (闭锁读框) 47Blunt-end ligation (平端连接) 48Branch migration (分支迁移) 49Breakage and reunion (断

5、裂与重连) 50Buoyant density (漂浮密度) 51C gene (C 基因)52C value (C值) 53CAAT box (CAAT 盒) 54Cap (帽)55Capsid (衣壳) 56Caspases 57cDNA 58cDNA clone (cDNA 克隆) 59Cell cycle (细胞周期) 60Cell hybrid (细胞杂交) 61Centrioles (中心粒) 62Centromere (着丝粒) 63Centrosomes (中心体) 64Chaperone (分子伴侣) 65Chemical complexity (化学复杂度)66Chi se

6、quemce (Chi序列) 67Chi structure (Chi结构) 68Chiasma (交叉) 69Chromatids (染色单体) 70Chromatin (染色质) 71Chromatin remodeling (染色体重建) 72Chromocenter (染色中心)73Chromomeres (染色粒) 74Chromosome (染色体) 75Chromosome walking (染色体步移) 76cis-acting locus (顺式作用位点) 77cis-acting protein (顺式作用蛋白质) 78cis configuration (顺势构型) 79

7、cis/trans assays(顺/反测验) 80Ciston (顺反子) 81Class switching (类别转换) 82Clone (克隆) 83Cloning vector (克隆载体) 84Closed reading frame (关闭读框) 85Coconversion (共转变) 86Coding strand (编码链) 87Codominant alleles (共显性等位基因) 88Codon (密码子) 89Coevolution (共进化) 90Cognate tRNAs (同功tRNA) 91Coincidental evolution (重合进化) 92Co

8、integrate structure (共合结构) 93Cold-sensitive (冷敏) 94Colon hybridization (菌落杂交)95Compatibility group (相容组) 96Complementation (互补) 97Complementation assay (互补测验) 98Complementation group (互补群) 99Complex locus(复合基因座) 100Complexity (复杂度) 101Composite transposons (复合转座子) 102Concatemer (多联体DNA) 103(Con)cate

9、nated circle (多联环) 104Concerted evolution (协同进化) 105Condensation reaction (缩合反应) 106Conditional lethal mutations (条件致死突变) 107Conjugation (接合) 108Consensus sequemce (共有序列) 109Conservative recombination (保守重组) 110Conservative transposition (保守转座) 111Constant regions (恒定区) 112Constitutive genes (结构基因)

10、113Constitutive heterochromatin (组成型异染色质) 114Constitutive mutations (组成型突变) 115Contractile ring (收缩环) 116Controlling elements (控制元件) 117Coordinate regulation (协同调控) 118Cordycepin (蛹虫草菌素) 119Core DNA (核心DNA) 120Core particle (核心颗粒) 121Corepressor (共阻碍物) 122Cosmid (粘粒) 123Cot (浓度时间常数) 124Cot1/2 (半变Cot

11、值) 125Cotransfection (共转染) 126Crossing-over (交换) 127Crossover fixtion (交换固定) 128Cruciform (十字架) 129Cryptic satellite (隐蔽卫星) 130ctDNA 131cAMP 132Cyclins (细胞周期蛋白质) 133Cytokinesis (胞质分裂) 134Cytological hybridization (细胞学杂交) 135Cytoplasm (细胞质) 136Cytoplasmic inheritance (胞质遗传) 137Cytoplasmic protein syn

12、thesis (胞质蛋白质合成) 138Cytoskeleton (细胞骨架) 139Cytosol (胞质溶胶) 140D loop (D环)141Degeneracy (简并性) 142Deletion (缺失) 143Denaturation of DNA or RNA (DNA或RNA变性) 144Denaturation of protein (蛋白质变性) 145Depressed state (抑制状态) 146Dicentric chromosome (双着丝粒染色体) 147Diploid (二倍体) 148Direct repeat (同向重复) 149Discontinu

13、ous replication (不连续复制) 150Disjuction (间断分布) 151Divergence (差异百分率) 152Divergent transcription (异向转录) 153dna mutant (dna 突变) 154DNAase (DNA 酶) 155DNAase I hypersensitive (DNA酶I超敏位点) 156DNA-driven hybridization (DNA驱动杂交) 157DNA poymerase (DNA聚合酶) 158DNA replicase (DNA 复制酶) 159Domain of a chromasome (染

14、色体结构域) 160Domain of a protein (蛋白质结构域) 161Dominant allele (显性等位基因) 162Donor splicing site (供体剪接位点) 163Dosage compensation (剂量补偿效应) 164Down promoter mutation (启动子下降突变)165Dowmstream (下游) 166Early development (早期发育) 167Ectopic expression (异位表达) 168Elongation factors (延伸因子) 169End labeling (末端标记) 170End

15、-product inhibition (终产物抑制) 171Endocytic vesicle(内吞膜泡) 172Endocytosis (内吞作用) 173Endonucleases (内切核酸酶) 174Endoplasmic reticulum (内质网) 175Enhancer (增强子) 176Enelopes (包膜) 177Episome change (后天改变) 178Episome (附加体)179Epistasis (上位性) 180Essential gene (必须基因) 181Established cell lines (确立细胞株) 182Eubacteria

16、 (真细菌) 183Euchromatin (常染色体) 184Evolutionary clock (进化钟) 185Excision (切除) 186Excision-repair (切除修复) 187Exocytosis (外排) 188Exon (外显子) 189Exonucleases (核酸外切酶) 190Expression vector (表达载体) 191Extranuclear genes (核外基因) 192Ffactor (F 因子) 193F1 generation (F1代) 194Facultative heterochromatin (兼并性异染色质) 195F

17、ast component (快速变性区) 196Filter hybridization (滤膜杂交) 197Fingerprint of DNA (DNA 指纹图谱) 198Fingerprint of protein (蛋白质指纹图谱) 199Forward mutations (正向突变) 200Frameshift mutations (移码突变) 201G banding (G 分带) 202Gamete (配子) 203Gap in DNA (DNA 裂隙) 204Gene /ciston (基因/顺反子) 205Gene cluster (基因簇) 206Gene conver

18、sion (基因转换) 207Gene dosage (基因剂量) 208Gene family (基因家族) 209Genetic code (遗传密码) 210Genetic marker (遗传标记) 211Genomic DNA clone (基因组DNA克隆) 212Genotype (基因型) 213Golgi apparatus (高尔基体) 214G protein (G蛋白质) 215Gratuitous (安慰诱导物) 216GT-AC rule (GT-AG 规则) 217Gyrase (螺旋酶) 218Hairpin (发夹) 219Haploid (单倍体) 220H

19、elper virus (辅助病毒) 221Hemizygote (半合体) 222Heterochromatin (异染色质) 223Heteroduplex (hybrid) DNA (异源双链DNA) 224Heterogeneous nuclear (hn) RNA (不均一核RNA) 225Heteromultimeric proteins (异源多聚体蛋白质) 226Heterozygote (杂合体) 227Highly repetitive DNA (高度重复DNA) 228Histones (组蛋白) 229Homeobox (同源框) 230Homeotic genes (

20、同源异形基因) 231Homologs (同源染色体) 232Homomultimeric protein (同源多聚体蛋白质) 233Homozygote (纯合体) 234Hotspot (热点) 235Housekeeping (constitutive) genes (持家或组成型基因) 236Hybrid dysgenesis (杂种败育) 237Hybridization (杂交) 238Hybridoma (杂交瘤) 239Hyperchromicity (增色效应) 240Hypervariable region (高度可变区) 241Ideogram (理数图)242Idli

21、ng reaction (空转) 243Immortalization (永生或无限增值化) 244Immunity in phages (噬菌体免疫) 245Immunity in plasmids (质粒免疫) 246Immunity in transposons (转座子免疫)247Imprinting (印记) 248In situ hybridization (原位杂交) 249In vitro complementation assay (体外互补分析) 250Incompatibility (不相容性) 251Indirect end-labeling (间接末端标记) 252I

22、nduced mutation (诱发突变) 253Inducer (诱导物) 254Induction (诱导) 255Induction of prophage (原噬菌体诱导) 256Initiation factors (起始因子，原核中IF，真核中eIF) 257Insertion sequence (插入序列，IS) 258Insertions (插入) 259Integration (整合) 260Interallelic complementation (等位基因间互补) 261Interphase (间期) 262Intervening sequence (间插序列) 263

23、Intron (内含子) 264Inversion (倒位) 265Inverted repeats (反向重复) 266Inverted terminal repeats (末端反向重复) 267Isoaccepting tRNAs (同工tRNA) 268Isotype (同型) 269Karyotye (核型) 270Kilobase, kb (千碱基)271Kinase (激酶) 272Kinetic complexity (动力学复杂度) 273Lagging strand of DNA (DNA后随链) 274Lampbrush chromosomes (灯刷染色体) 275Lar

24、iat (套索) 276Late period of phage development (噬菌体发育晚期) 277Late-replication materials (延迟复制物) 278Leader (前导区) 279Leader sequence of a protein (蛋白质前导序列)280Leading strand (前导链) 281Leaky mutations (渗漏突变) 282Left splicing junction (左剪接点) 283Lethal locus (致死座位) 284Library (文库) 285Ligation (连接反应) 286LINES:

25、 287Linkage (连锁) 288Linkage disequilibrium (连锁不平衡) 289Linkage group (连锁群) 290Linker DNA (连接DNA) 291Locus (基因座) 292LTR 293Luxury genes (奢侈基因) 294Lysogen (溶原) 295Lysogenic immunity(溶原免疫) 296Lysogenic repressor (溶原阻遏蛋白) 297Lysogeny (溶原性) 298Lysosomes (溶酶体) 299Map distance (图距) 300Marker (DNA 标记) 301Mei

26、osis (减数分裂) 302Melting of DNA (DNA 溶解)303Melting temperature (解链温度Tm ) 304Metastasis (转移) 305Micrococcal nuclease (微球菌核酸酶) 306Microsomes (微粒体) 307Microtubules (微管) 308Microtubule associated proteins (微管相关蛋白，MAPs) 309Mitosis (有丝分裂)310Modification of DNA or RNA (DNA或RNA修饰) 311Modified bases (修饰碱基) 312

27、Molecular chaperone (分子伴侣) 313Monocistronic mRNA (单顺反子mRNA) 314Monolayer (单细胞层) 315Morphogen (形态发生因子) 316MPF(促成熟因子)317MtDNA 318Multimeric protein (多亚基蛋白质) 319Mutagens (诱变剂) 320Mutation (突变) 321Mutation frequency (突变频率) 322Mutation rate (突变率) 323Negative regulators (负调控物) 324Negative supercoiling (负超

28、螺旋) 325Neutral substitution (中性置换) 326Nick (切口) 327Nick translation (切口平移) 328Noautonomous controlling elements (非自主成分) 329Nondisjunction (不分离) 330Nonpermissive conditions (非许可条件) 331Nonrepetitive DNA (非重复DNA) 332Nonreplicative transposition (非复制型转座) 333Nonsense codon (无义密码子) 334Nonsense mutation (无

29、义突变) 335Nonsense suppresser (无义抑制) 336Nontranscribed spacer (非转录间区) 337Northern blotting (Northern杂交) 338Nuclear envelope (核膜) 339Nuclear lamina (核纤层) 340Nuclear matrix (核基质) 341Nuclear pores (核孔) 342Nucleoid (类核) 343Nucleolar organizer (核仁组织区) 344Nucleolus (核仁) 345Nucleolytic reaction (溶核反应) 346Nuc

30、leosome (核小体) 347Null mutation (空白突变) 348Ochre codon (赭石密码子)349Ochre mutation(赭石突变) 350Ochre suppressor(赭石型抑制子) 351Okazaki fragment (岗崎片段) 352Oncogenes (癌基因) 353Open reading frame (ORF，开放读码框) 354Operator(操纵基因) 355Operon (操纵子) 356Organelles(细胞器) 357Origin(原点，Ori) 358Orphans(孤独基因) 359Overwinding of DN

31、A(DNA 过旋) 360Packing ratio (包装比) 361Pairing of chromosomes (染色体配对) 362Palindrome (回文序列) 363pBR322 364PCR(聚合酶链式反应) 365Phage /bacteriophage(噬菌体/细菌噬菌体) 366Phenotype (表型) 367Phosphatase (磷酸酶) 368Plasma membrane (质膜) 369Plasmid (质粒) 370Playback experiment (再现试验) 371Pleiotropic gene (多效基因) 372Point mutati

32、on (点突变) 373Polarity (极性) 374Polyadenylation (多聚腺苷酸化) 375Polycistronic mRNA (多顺反子mRNA) 376Polymorphism (多态性) 377Polyploid (多倍体) 378Polyrotein (多聚蛋白质) 379Polysome/polyribosome(多聚核糖体) 380Position effect variegation (位置效应斑驳) 381Positive regulator protein (正调控蛋白) 382Positive supercoiling (正超螺旋) 383Prima

33、ry transcript (初级转录本) 384Primer (引物) 385Primosome (引发体) 386Prion (阮病毒) 387Processive enzyme (进行性酶) 388Prokaryotic(原核生物) 389Promoter (启动子) 390-35 sequence (-35区) 391Proofreading (校正) 392Prophage (原噬菌体) 393Proteolytic (蛋白质水解) 394Proto-oncogene (原癌基因) 395Provirus (原病毒) 396Pseudogenes (假基因) 397Reading f

34、ram (读码框架) 398Reassociation of DNA (DNA 复性)399Receptor(受体) 400Recessive alleles (隐性等位基因) 401Recessive lethal (隐性致死)402Reciprocal translocation (相互易位) 403Recombinants (重组体) 404Recombination-repair (重组修复) 405Regulatory gene (调控基因) 406Relaxed mutants (松弛突变体) 407Relaxed replication control (松弛型复制控制) 408

35、Release (termination) factors(释放因子) 409Renaturation (复性) 410Repeating unit (串联重复单位) 411Repetition frequency (重复频率) 412Repetitive DNA (重复DNA) 413Replacement sites (置换位点) 414Replication-defective virus (复制缺陷病毒) 415Replication eye (复制眼) 416Replication fork (复制叉) 417Replicative transposition (复制性转座) 418

36、Replicon (复制子) 419Replisome (复制复合体) 420Reporter gene (报告基因) 421Repression (阻遏) 422Repressor protein (阻遏蛋白) 423Resolvase (解离酶) 424Restriction Enzyme (限制性酶) 425Restriction fragment length polymorphism (限制性片段长度多态性，RFLP) 426Restriction map (限制性图谱) 427Retrograde transport (逆向运输) 428Retroposon (反转座子) 429R

37、etrovirus (逆转录病毒) 430Reverse transcription (逆转录) 431Reversion translation (反向翻译) 432Reversion mutation (反向突变)433Revertant (回复突变体) 434RFLPs 435Rho-factor (r因子) 436Rho-independent terminators (不依赖r因子的终止子) 437Right splicing junction (右剪接点) 438RNAase 439RNA polymerase (RNA聚合酶) 440RNA replicase (RNA复制酶)

38、441Rolling circle (滚环) 442Rough ER (粗糙内质网) 443S phase (S期) 444S1 nuclease (S1核酸酶) 445Saltatory replication (跳跃复制) 446Satellite DNA (卫星DNA) 447Saturation density (饱和密度) 448Saturation hybridization (饱和杂交试验) 449Scaffold (染色体支架) 450Scarce (complex) mRNA (稀少mRNA) 451scRNA 452scRNPs 453Segmentation genes

39、(体节基因) 454Selection (选择) 455Semiconservative replication (半保留复制) 456Semidiscontinuous replication (半不连续复制)457Septum (隔膜) 458Serum dependence (血清依赖性) 459Sex chromosome (性染色体) 460Sex linkage (性连锁) 461Sex plasmid (性质粒) 462Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD 序列) 463Short-period interspersion (短散布序列) 464Shotgun

40、experiment (鸟枪法试验) 465Shuttle vector (穿梭载体) 466Signal hypothesis (信号假说) 467Signal sequence (信号序列) 468Signal transduction (信号传导) 469Silent mutations (沉默突变) 470Silent sites (沉默位点) 471Simple-sequence DNA (简单序列DNA) 472SINES 473Sister chromatids (姊妹染色单体) 474Site-specifix recombination (位点特异性重组) 475Smooth

41、 ER (光滑内质网) 476snRNA(核小RNA) 477snRNPs 478Solution hybridization (液相杂交) 479Somatic cells (体细胞) 480Somatic mutation (体细胞突变) 481SOS box (SOS 框) 482SOS response(SOS反应) 483Southern blotting (Southern杂交) 484Spheroplast (原生质球) 485Spindle (纺锤体) 486Splice site (剪接位点) 487Splicing (剪接) 488Spontaneous mutation

42、(自发突变) 489Sporulation (孢子形成) 490SSB（单链结合蛋白） 491Staggered cuts (交错切口) 492Start point (起始点)493Stem (中轴)494Sticky ends(粘端) 495Stop codons (终止密码子) 496Strand displacement (链置换) 497Streptolydigins (利迪链霉素) 498Stringent replication (严谨型复制) 499Stringent response (应急反应) 500Structural gene (结构基因) 501Supercoili

43、ng (超螺旋) 502Superrepressed (超阻遏) 503Suppression (抑制) 504Suppressor (extragenic) (抑制子)505Suppressor (intragenic) (抑制因子) 506SWI/SNF 507Synapsis(联会) 508Synaptonemal complex (联会复合体) 509Syntenic genetic loci (同线基因座) 510T cells (T细胞) 511Tm 512Tandem repeats (连续重复) 513TATA box (TATA 框) 514Telomerase (端粒酶)

44、515Telomere (端粒) 516Temperature-sensitive mutation (温敏型突变) 517Terminal redundancy (末端冗余) 518Termination codon (终止密码子) 519Terminator (终止子) 520Tertiary structure of a protein (蛋白质三级结构) 521Testcross (测交) 522Thalassemia (地中海贫血症) 523Thymine dimer (胸腺嘧啶二聚体) 524Topoisomerase (拓扑异构酶) 525Topological isomers

45、(拓扑异构体) 526Tracer (示踪) 527Trailer (非转录尾区) 528Trans configuration(反式构型) 529Transcribed spacer (被转录间隔) 530Transcription (转录) 531Transcription units (转录单位) 532Transduction (转导) 533Transfection (转染) 534Transformation (转化) 535Transformation of eukaryotic cells (真核细胞的转化) 536Transgenic animals (转基因动物) 537T

46、ransit peptide(转运多肽)538Transition (转换) 539Translation (翻译) 540Translocation of a chromosome (染色体易位) 541Translocation of a gene (基因易位)542Translocation of a protein (蛋白质转运) 543Translocation of the ribosome (核糖体位移) 544Transmembrane protein (跨膜蛋白质) 545Transplantation antigen (移植抗体) 546Transposase (转座酶)

47、547Transposition immunity (转座免疫) 548Transposon(转座子) 549Transposition (转座)550Transvection (转位) 551Transversion (颠换) 552True-breeding organisms (培育纯合体) 553Twisting number (DNA扭转数) 554Underwinding of DNA(欠旋DNA) 555Unequal crossing-over (不等交换) 556Unidirectional replication (单向复制) 557Uninducible mutants

48、(不可诱导型突变) 558Up promoter mutations (启动子上升突变) 559Upstream (上游) 560V gene (V 基因) 561Variable region (可变区) 562Variegation(斑驳) 563Vector (载体)564Vesicle (膜泡) 565Virion (病毒颗粒) 566Virulent phage (烈性噬菌体) 567Wobble hypothesis (摆动假说) 568Writhing number (缠绕数) 569Zero time-binding DNA (零时间结合DNA) 570Zinc finger

49、protein (锌指蛋白) 571Zoo blot (动物杂交) 572Zygote (合子) 第二部分 选择题1. 在蛋白质中，二级结构指的是：a. 氨基酸线性顺序b. 多肽链中所有原子的三维结构c. 肽链的折叠和多肽间的相互作用d. 组成多聚蛋白质的多肽链之间的相互作用e. 一个蛋白质中带电荷氨基酸与不带电荷氨基酸的相对含量2. 配体是：a. 在酶中与底物共价结合的活性位点b. 在酶中与底物非共价结合的活性位点c. 以共价方式与蛋白质相互作用的小分子的一般称法d. 以非共价方式与蛋白质相互作用的小分子的一般称法e. 一种缺少酶功能的球形蛋白3. 在蛋白质中，二级结构指的是：a. 氨基酸线

50、性顺序b. 多肽链中所有原子的三维结构c. 肽链的折叠和多肽间的相互作用d. 组成多聚蛋白质的多肽链之间的相互作用e. 一个蛋白质中带电荷氨基酸与不带电荷氨基酸的相对含量4. DNA的变性：a. 涉及到双螺旋的熔链b. 可由温度的降低而引起c. 是可逆的d. 是磷酸二酯键的断裂e. 会涉及到氢键的断裂5. 用特定的限制性内切酶酶解双链DNA，产生片段长度的分析适合构建物理图谱，因为：a. 哪怕只用一种限制酶，的线性化也允许直接确定限制性片段的顺序b. 内切酶在等距离位点切割，产生了机体特异性的片段长度c. DNA的线性化意味着限制性片段长度加起来的总和等于的总长度，凭借双酶切产生的重叠片段可建

51、造明确清楚的物理图谱d. 这些限制性内切核酸酶的活性，以某种特异性方式被限制e. 这种技术同时提供核苷酸顺序方面的广泛信息61953年Watson和 Crick提出：a. 多核苷酸 DNA链通过氢键连接成一个双螺旋b. DNA的复制是半保留的，常常形成亲本子代双螺旋杂合链c. 三个连续的核苷酸代表一个遗传密码d. 遗传物质通常是 DNA而非RNAe. 分离到回复突变体证明这一突变并非是一个缺失突变7双链DNA中的碱基对有：a. A-U b. G-Tc. C-Gd. T-A e. C-A8 DNA双螺旋的解链或变性打断了互补碱基间的氢键，并因此改变了它们的光吸收特性以下哪些是对 DNA的解链温度

52、的正确描述：a. 哺乳动物 DNA约为45，因此发烧时体温高于42是十分危险的b. 依赖于 AT含量，因为 A-T含量越高则双链分开所需要的能量越少c. 是双链 DNA中两条单链分开过程中温度变化范围的中间值d. 可通过碱基在260mm的特征吸收峰的改变来确定e. 就是单链发生断裂(磷酸二酯键断裂)时的温度9DNA的变性：a. 包括双螺旋的解链b. 可以由低温产生c. 是可逆的d. 是磷酸二酯键的断裂e. 包括氢键的断裂10在类似RNA这样的单链核酸所表现出的“二级结构”中，发夹结构的形成：a. 基于各个片段间的互补，形成反向平行双螺旋b. 依赖于 A-U含量，因为形成的氢键越少则发生碱基配对所需的能量也越少c. 仅仅当两配对区段中所有的碱基均互补