高中语法之非谓语

1、非谓语动词The non-predicate verbs非谓语动词使用条件非谓语动词使用条件一个句子一个句子当中，当中，已经存在一个已经存在一个主句主句（谓语动词）（谓语动词）,又没有又没有连词连词的情况下的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.不定式不定式分词分词动名词动名词过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词非谓非谓语动语动词的词的构成构成表某一次具体的动作表某一次具体的

2、动作表将来表将来表目的表目的否定式：否定式：not to do 不定式的时态和语态 to do to have doneto be doingto be doneto have been doneto have been doing I opened the door to enter the room. 一般式一般式( to do ):它表示该动它表示该动作与主句的谓语动词作与主句的谓语动词_发生或者发生或者_发发生。生。Its nice to meet you.He wants to be an artist. 同时同时之后之后完成式完成式(to have done):不定式所表示的动作发

3、生在谓语动作不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作_。 我似乎以前在什么地方见过他。我似乎以前在什么地方见过他。 I seem _him somewhere before 收到那么多精美礼物，他很高兴。收到那么多精美礼物，他很高兴。 He was happy _ many nice gifts. 这部小说据说已被译成好几种外语。这部小说据说已被译成好几种外语。 The novel is said _ into several foreign languagesto have metto have receivedto have been translated之前之前进行式进行式(to be doin

4、g):表示谓语的动作与不定式的动作表示谓语的动作与不定式的动作_发生。发生。我进去时他恰好在打电话。我进去时他恰好在打电话。He happened_ when I went in. 老师看她时，这个姑娘装着在听讲。老师看她时，这个姑娘装着在听讲。The girl pretended_ when the teacher looked at herto be callingto be listening同时同时他不喜欢被他人嘲笑。他不喜欢被他人嘲笑。He dislikes _她不喜欢被当成孩子一样对待她不喜欢被当成孩子一样对待.She doesnt like _ as child.那些书似乎已经丢

5、了那些书似乎已经丢了The books seem _. to be laughed at by others不定式被动式不定式被动式(to be done/ to have been done)如果不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者如果不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,不定式不定式需用被动语态需用被动语态 to be + 过去分词过去分词to be treated to have been lost动词不定式所充当的句子成分动词不定式所充当的句子成分To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this evening.His dream

6、 is to be a doctor.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English. I warned the patient not to drink cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.= It is really important to master a foreign language nowadays.（it作为形

7、式主语）作为形式主语）To give up smoking is right.= It is right to give up smoking.1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。2. 放弃吸烟是对的。放弃吸烟是对的。主语主语Fred didnt have any money, so he decided .He promised _ 1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。2. 他答应不告诉任何人这事。他答应不告诉任何人这事。宾语宾语to look for a jobnot to tell anyone about it.hope

8、wish want agree promise demand ask refuse manage learn decidepretend choosefail dare offer help三个三个希望希望两两答应答应两个两个要求要求莫莫拒绝拒绝做到学会做到学会作作决定决定不要不要假装假装在在选择选择没敢提出没敢提出来来帮助帮助只能接不定式作宾语的动词只能接不定式作宾语的动词My job is to teach English.我的工作是教英语。我的工作是教英语。他的梦想是成为一名音乐家。他的梦想是成为一名音乐家。你必须做的事就是按一下这个钮。你必须做的事就是按一下这个钮。 His dream

9、 is to be a musician.What you have to do is (to) press this button. 如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有有 do,作表语的不定式可省去作表语的不定式可省去 to.有有do无无to，有，有to无无do. 表语表语She asked me to stay there.1. 她叫我呆在这儿。她叫我呆在这儿。2.请允许我介绍请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。给你们。 Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.宾补宾补一感二听三使让,四看一注

10、意半帮助,主动不带to, 被动to复位. feel; listen to, hear; let, make, have; watch, look at, see, observe; notice; help I saw her come. She was seen to come. I watched him disappear in the distance. 不定式做宾补的省略现象不定式做宾补的省略现象注意注意作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去词不定式常常省去to 后面后面的动词，只的动词，只保留保留to 。A: Would you lik

11、e to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Do you have anything to say?1. 你有什么要说的吗你有什么要说的吗?2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人是第一个知道这真相的人. Betty was the first to know the truth.定语定语注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的

12、名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with 如果不定式修饰如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如何区别不定式做宾补和

13、不定式做定语 Teacher asked us to clean classroom. He is looking for a room to live in 主动关系主动关系被动关系被动关系宾补宾补定语定语1. To learn English well, you have to practise more.= In order to learn English well, you have to practise more.2. Im too tired to walk any farther tonight.He searched the room only to find nothin

14、g. 3. Im glad to see you. 目的状语目的状语. .结果状语结果状语状语状语原因状语原因状语不定式还可在句中作独立成分不定式还可在句中作独立成分, 表示说话人的态度或看法表示说话人的态度或看法, 此时不定式逻辑主语和句子主语不一致此时不定式逻辑主语和句子主语不一致:说实话，我不同意你的观点。说实话，我不同意你的观点。_, Sam is the right person for the post坦率地讲，我不同意你的看法。坦率地讲，我不同意你的看法。_, I dont agree with you老实说老实说, 你的计划不实用。你的计划不实用。_, your plan is

15、 not practical首先首先, 我想谈谈我们的发展计划。我想谈谈我们的发展计划。_, Id like to talk about our development planTo tell the truthTo be frankTo be honestTo begin with 不定式在感官动词不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to,hear, observe 和使役和使役动词动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时后作宾语补足语时, 不定不定式省略式省略to 。 不定式符号不定式符号to作表语

16、时的省略。当主语部分作表语时的省略。当主语部分有行为动词有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式作表语的不定式to可省略。可省略。 例例: What I want to do now is find some books to read. 介词介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词时，介词前有行为动词do ,不定式要省去不定式要省去to。 例例: We did nothing but/except wait then. 1.There was nothing I could do but _(wait)2.There was no choic

17、e but _ (wait)3.She could do anything except _ (clean) the floor.waitto waitclean1.- Would you like to go to the Great Theatre with me tonight. - _. A. Yes, I would like to go to the Great Theater with you tonight . B. Id love to. C. No, I wouldnt D. Thats all right 2.- Does your brother intend to s

18、tudy Germany? - Yes, he intends _. A. / B. to C. so D. that 句式句式 would have done , should have done, ought to have done, neednt have done , used to be 等省略形式为等省略形式为 would have , should have , ought to have, neednt have , used to be, 要保留不定式后的要保留不定式后的be或或have。 例例 -Are you a sailor ? - No, but I used to

19、 be (a sailor ). 1.He asked me to help him repair his radio, but I dont know _.to do it B. how to C. what to do it D. how to do2. His voice made me _ terrible.To feel B. feel C. feels D. felt3. My parents told me _ people when they are in trouble.never laugh at B. not to laugh at dont laugh at D. no

20、t laugh at4. Its bad manners _ rude to people.to be B. are C. be D. to being5. Its interesting _ us to take part in the games.A. of B. to C. for D. at6.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A not make B not to make C not making D do not make7.Ive worked with ch

21、ildren before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C to be expecting D expects8. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having goneparticiple分词具有的形容词性和副词性。 分词的否定形式：not +分词形容词性 副词性定语定语状语状语表语表语现

22、 在 分 词 时 态 和 语 态doing being done doing having donehaving been donehaving done1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。The secretary worked late into the night, _a lon

23、g speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。做完作业后，他出去了。=As he had finished his homework, he went out.Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go there yesterday. _ a

24、reply, he decided to write again. Not receivingB. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not receivedWalking in the street, I saw a friend of mine.Not having received an answer, I wrote to him again.The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times,the naughty boy ma

25、de the same mistake. There are many sleeping students in class. （表语）（表语）（定语）（定语）Feeling the lesson is boring, the students are sleepy.The students feel the lesson boring.we are bored in this class.（宾补）（宾补）（状语）（状语）分词成分分词成分定定语语We can see the rising sun. There was a girl sitting there.the question disc

26、ussed yesterday the fallen leaves (只表示完成，不表示被动)现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 boiled water boiling water developed countries developing countries fallen leaves falling leaves The teacher teaching us English is Mr. Sun=The teacher who teaches / is teaching us English is Mr. Sun.The people sitting behind us are all

27、teachers.=The people who are sitting behind us are all teachers. This will be the best novel ever written. =This will be the best novel that has ever been written. Who were the guests invited to your party last night? =Who were the guests that had been invited to your party last night. 1. We saw som

28、e students _ _ 2.They have the fireburning all night. playing basketball on the playground.宾补3. I heard the song sung several times last week. Last year they had the house _.(重建）重建）When you speak English, be sure to make yourself _. （理解）（理解）Youd better have your bike _.（修理）（修理）rebuiltunderstoodrepai

29、red 当我们回到学校时当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 When we returned to the school, we _at the entrance. 我看地板上放着一个包。我看地板上放着一个包。 I _on the ground. 那老板让工人整夜地工作。那老板让工人整夜地工作。 The boss _the whole night. found a stranger standingsaw a bag lyingKept / had the workers workingPracticeComplete the sentences:表语Th

30、e film is interesting / touching / moving. We are interested / touched / moved.分词分词可以在句中充当时间、原因、目的、结果、可以在句中充当时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随条件、伴随 、让步等状语。、让步等状语。状语Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents. Given more time,Ill be able to do it better. Playing all day,you will waste your valuable

31、time. Being a League member,he is always helping others.He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 原因原因条条件件原因原因结果结果1. Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.2. Seen from the top of the mountain, the view is so wonderful.3. Seeing the beautiful view, he never felt so good.4. The trainer a

32、ppeared, followed by six little dogs.5. Students entered into the room, following the teacher. 现在现在分词作插入语 generally speaking一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 Generally speaking, the book is not very difficult. 总的来说，这本书不太难。 Judging from his accent, he must be fr

33、om America. 从口音看，他一定是美国人。1. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run2. _is 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being founded B it was founded C. Founded D. FoundingWith 的复合结构 “with宾语宾语补足语”with + 名词名词+doingto

34、dodone1. He went home, with nothing to do.2. The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 3. We cant go on, with the plan refused by our government.表动作与谓语动词同时发表动作与谓语动词同时发生，主动状态生，主动状态表示将来的动作表示将来的动作表被动状态表被动状态 She had to walk home with her bike _. 自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。 With a lot of work _, he was

35、nt allowed to go out. 因为还有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。 With prices _ so fast, we cant afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品stolento dogoing up1. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on2. With lots of trees and flowers _here and there, the city looks very beaut

36、iful.A. having planted B. planted C. have been planted D. to be planted Gerund 动名词否定式：not + v-ing一一. 动名词的基本构成动名词的基本构成二. 动名词的性质动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰I hope you dont mind my saying it.His being late made me angry.2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Are you for or against having the meeting.I insist

37、ed on leaving at once.三.动名词的功能1、 动名词作主语 动名词做主语，表示一种概念、习惯或经验。Seeing is believing.眼见为实Going to Britain to study for one year is an enjoyable experience for me.去英国学习一年对我来说是一次愉快的经历。动名词做主语，有时用it做形式上的主语， 把动名词放在句末， 此种用法常用在习惯用语中。1) Its no use crying when you know you have done wrong.2) Its no good playing c

38、omputer games every day when you are in Senior school.3) Its no fun calling her names.4) Its a waste of time mourning when I am dead.5) Its worthwhile having a good friends who can share your happiness and sorrows.6) There is no point in arguing with him. no use no good Its + no fun + doing a shame

39、a waste of time/money There is no use/good/point+ doing.是没有用的/没有好处的/没有意义常见的只能接动名词做宾语的动词有：喜欢考虑不可免喜欢考虑不可免,enjoy, consider, avoid停止放弃太冒险。停止放弃太冒险。stop, give up, risk承认理解很值得承认理解很值得,admit, understand, worth介意想象莫推延。介意想象莫推延。mind, imagine, put off/delay要求完成是期望要求完成是期望,require, finish, look forward to建议继续勤操练。建

40、议继续勤操练。advice/suggest, keep on, practice不禁不禁准许来准许来原原谅谅,cant help/forbid, permit, forgive介词后面寻常见。介词后面寻常见。 I have just finished doing my home work. I suggested asking his brother for some money. He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now.注一：在动词advise, allow, permit（允许） forbid(禁止

41、)，consider等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如: We dont allow _(smoke) in our school.(2) Students are not permitted _(enter) the laboratory freely.(3) John advised me _(forgive) her for what she had done.(4) He is considering _(apologize) to her for what he has done.smokingto enterto forgiveapologizin

42、g注二：某些动词短语后也要求跟动名词做宾语。give up, feel like, have trouble/difficulty in doing sth,be fond of, be worth , be busy等。 他们要通过这场数学考试有很大的困难。 They have difficulty in passing math exam. 2.我今天不太想散步。 I dont feel like walking very much today. 3.他值得信任。 He is worth trusting.注三：动名词做介词to的宾语，必须记住下列常用短语。look forward tog

43、et used todevotetopay attention tostick to get down tolead toon ones way toMake up some sentencesby yourselves.注四：如果主语是某一事物，在以下动词后用动名词表示被动含义。 want (需要需要)Sth. + need (需要需要) + doing require (需要需要) be worth(值得值得) + to be doneThe room wants_.(clean)The methods needs_.(improve)The problem requires _.(wor

44、k out)The problem is well worth _.(discuss)cleaningimprovingworking outdiscussingto be cleanedto be improvedto be worked outto be discussed注四：动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today.当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。I would like to tell

45、you a story.I would prefer to go to school by bike.英语中有些动词可以接英语中有些动词可以接-ing 也可以接也可以接to do ,但含义不同但含义不同.rememberforgetgo on to do （ 未做的事）未做的事）doing （已做的事）（已做的事）to do(遗憾要做某事遗憾要做某事)doing(后悔做了某事后悔做了某事)regretto do(继续做另外一件事继续做另外一件事)doing(继续做同一件事继续做同一件事)stopto do(停下手中的事去做另外一件停下手中的事去做另外一件)doing(停止做正在做的事情停止做正

46、在做的事情)英语中有些动词可以接动名词也可以接英语中有些动词可以接动名词也可以接不定式不定式,但含义不同但含义不同.tryto do(设法设法)doing(尝试着做尝试着做)meanto do （打算（打算）doing （意味着）（意味着）considerto do （认为（认为）doing （考虑）（考虑）cant helpto do （不能帮助）（不能帮助）doing （情不自禁地（情不自禁地 忍不住地）忍不住地） Please stop talking. Having worked long, he stopped to rest. Please go on reading. After

47、 learning history, we went on to learn English. I remember seeing you somewhere before. Please remember to post the letter.7.Youve got it? Ah, yes. I forgot posting it.8.Dont forget to do it.9.I regret not watching the match.10.I regret to tell you that I cant go.11.Please try doing it in another wa

48、y.12.I tried to do it but failed.13.Im considering moving.14.I consider him to be my best friend.3、动名词做定语动名词做定语和它所修饰的名词之间没有主谓关系，一般情况下表示名词的用途。a swimming pool a swimming boya walking stick a walking mana washing machinea reading room4. 动名词的复合结构当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，需要加上自己的逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。构成一：物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名

49、词 在句中作主语玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。Marys coming late made her teacher very angry.他们来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓励。Their coming to help is a great encouragement to us.构成二：人称代词宾格 / 名词的普通格 + 动名词 在句中作宾语我不能容忍玛丽那样子和她母亲说话。 I cant stand Mary/ Marys talking to her mother like that.我确信他能按时到。 I am sure of him coming on time.我从来没有听说过女性能当飞行员。

50、I have never heard of a woman being a pilot.三、动名词的时态和语态 完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 I regret not having taken your advice.He didint mention having met you before.2. 被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时该动名词要求用被动形式。She didnt mind being called a housewife.sittingsayingtellingplaying Its not useful _(sit) here wai

51、ting. Its not good_(tell) him the truth,to sitto tellConsolidation exercises1. I cant understand _ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. you treated D. you treating2. its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. To have had B. Having had C. Have

52、D. HavingDD（2011天津卷）7.Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried（2011四川卷）2. Lydia doesnt feel like_ abroad. Her parents are old. A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study(2011上海卷) 27. Its no use _ without taking

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