药物说明书中长句的翻译

1、 如何理解长句如何理解长句医学英语文章医学英语文章, 句式相对比较长句式相对比较长, 修饰语比较多修饰语比较多. 遇到长句时遇到长句时, 我们可我们可以先一口气读完以先一口气读完, 中途遇到疑难中途遇到疑难, 也不要停下来推敲钻研也不要停下来推敲钻研, 只求只求对原文大意有一个概括的初步的了解对原文大意有一个概括的初步的了解. 然后再根据上下文内容然后再根据上下文内容, 从下面几方面着手从下面几方面着手:弄清楚主句和从句弄清楚主句和从句, 包括从句内部主从部分的语法结构包括从句内部主从部分的语法结构, 抓住主抓住主语和谓语这个主要矛盾语和谓语这个主要矛盾.注意标点符号注意标点符号, 尤其是分号

2、尤其是分号, 它往往表示一个有一定独立性的思它往往表示一个有一定独立性的思想单元想单元.注意连词注意连词, 特别是要注意相关的连词特别是要注意相关的连词, 例如例如: such-as-; more-than-; prefer-to-; would rather-than-注意代词注意代词,尤其是关系代词尤其是关系代词. 不仅要明确它的先行词或它所指代不仅要明确它的先行词或它所指代的部分的部分, 而且要分析其在定语从句中所起的作用而且要分析其在定语从句中所起的作用, 能够将从句转能够将从句转变为简单句从而便于理解变为简单句从而便于理解.注意省略注意省略, 因为省略是长句中常见的现象因为省略是长句

3、中常见的现象. 要求能够将省略补充要求能够将省略补充出来出来, 以便加深理解以便加深理解.总的来说总的来说,理解长句的过程是先读完全句理解长句的过程是先读完全句, 了解大意要点了解大意要点; 然后化整然后化整为零为零, 按层次按层次, 分段落细读分段落细读; 最后合零为整最后合零为整, 集树为林集树为林, 即经过即经过” 合合分分合合”的步骤顺序的步骤顺序. 确定主语确定主语, 谓语谓语, 掌握中心思想掌握中心思想1) Allergic reactions may occur in a large percentage of normal individuals without evident

4、 hereditary qualities. 变态反应可能在大部分无明显遗传素质的正常人身上发生变态反应可能在大部分无明显遗传素质的正常人身上发生.2) In some patients inability to describe their distress of atypical localization and symptomatology may make it impossible to appraise the condition with assurance on the initial examination.有些病人不能够说明其疼痛情况有些病人不能够说明其疼痛情况, 疼痛的部

5、位及其症状不典型疼痛的部位及其症状不典型, 因而因而不可能于初次检查时确定其病情不可能于初次检查时确定其病情. 3) Comprehensive and specific prophylactic measures VS (versus) atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease are impossible without proper understanding of the etiology of these diseases.对动脉粥样硬化症及缺血性心脏病的病因缺乏充分了解对动脉粥样硬化症及缺血性心脏病的病因缺乏充分了解, 就不可能就不可能对

6、其采取全面特殊的预防性措施对其采取全面特殊的预防性措施. 2. 先理解主句，先理解主句， 再理解从句再理解从句 （ 主要是：定语从句，状语从句，主要是：定语从句，状语从句， 同位语从句和同位语从句和以以it为形式主语的主语从句）为形式主语的主语从句）1）Approximately 80% of acute gastric ulcers（胃肠溃疡）（胃肠溃疡）, which were rarely demonstrable by means of X-ray, healed rapidly within 2 to 4 weeks, leaving little or no trace patho

7、logically.有将近有将近80%的急性胃肠溃疡（均很少能够由的急性胃肠溃疡（均很少能够由X线证实）在线证实）在2到到4周内迅速愈合，周内迅速愈合， 几几乎没有留下病理痕迹。乎没有留下病理痕迹。 2）The development of new pathogens has made it known that repeated cultures are necessary in the course of antibiotic therapy. 新病原菌的出现，使得人们证明了在抗生素治疗过程中，反复进行细菌的培养是新病原菌的出现，使得人们证明了在抗生素治疗过程中，反复进行细菌的培养是必要的

8、。必要的。3）In support of this hypothesis is also the fact that lethargy (瞌睡瞌睡) may often be relieved by transfusion or fluid intake.支持这一假设的还有下列事实，即瞌睡状态通过输液或进水往往可以得到缓解。支持这一假设的还有下列事实，即瞌睡状态通过输液或进水往往可以得到缓解。4) The committee also indicated that alcohol does differ from other drugs in that large quantities ove

9、r a long period of time are necessary for it to become habit-forming.委员会也指出，酒精只有长期大量饮用后才能成隐这一点上，确实与其他药物不委员会也指出，酒精只有长期大量饮用后才能成隐这一点上，确实与其他药物不同。同。 3. 通过连词理解分句与分句、主句与从句的关系通过连词理解分句与分句、主句与从句的关系连词分为并列连词和从属连词，在长句中，前者连接并列句中的分句，后者连接连词分为并列连词和从属连词，在长句中，前者连接并列句中的分句，后者连接复合句中的主句与从句。常见的有：复合句中的主句与从句。常见的有：while, as,

10、that 等等While 作为从属连词时，意思是：当作为从属连词时，意思是：当-时候；时候； 然而；然而； 但是；同时；但是；同时； 虽然虽然-但是但是-；（一方面）；（一方面）-另一方面另一方面-。 等等Many children feel surprisingly well despite fairly high fevers, while others are often miserable with little fever. 许多儿童尽管发烧时体温相当高，却依然另人意外地感觉良好，而其他儿童则常许多儿童尽管发烧时体温相当高，却依然另人意外地感觉良好，而其他儿童则常常因为一点微热就痛苦

11、异常。常因为一点微热就痛苦异常。2) The inhabitants of Mongolia are very seldom affected by aherosclerosis（动脉粥样硬化）（动脉粥样硬化） and myocardial infarction （心肌梗死）（心肌梗死）though their food is rich in animal fats; while Sahara shepherds never suffer from atherosclerosis though their food ration comprises large amounts of camel

12、 milk with a high percentage of fat. 蒙古人进食虽然多含动物脂肪，却极少发生动脉粥样硬化及心肌梗死；同样，撒蒙古人进食虽然多含动物脂肪，却极少发生动脉粥样硬化及心肌梗死；同样，撒哈拉牧民的饮食虽然包含大量高脂肪的骆驼奶，但是却从未见他们患动脉哈拉牧民的饮食虽然包含大量高脂肪的骆驼奶，但是却从未见他们患动脉粥样硬化。粥样硬化。3）Some viral diseases are characterized by the occurrence of inclusion bodies （包涵体）（包涵体）in affected cells; others are n

13、ot characterized by these peculiar morphological （形态的）（形态的）elements. 某些病毒性疾病，其特征是在受感染的细胞中存在包涵体，但是对于其他病毒，某些病毒性疾病，其特征是在受感染的细胞中存在包涵体，但是对于其他病毒，却不具备这些特殊的形态成分。却不具备这些特殊的形态成分。AsAsAs pathology is conducive to medical practice, so the latter As pathology is conducive to medical practice, so the latter makes t

14、he former more perfect.makes the former more perfect.正如病理学有助于医疗实践一样正如病理学有助于医疗实践一样, ,医疗实践也会使病理学更完美医疗实践也会使病理学更完美. .2) The treatment of common colds consists mainly in the relief of 2) The treatment of common colds consists mainly in the relief of symptoms as they arise. symptoms as they arise. 感冒的治疗主要

15、在于当症状初起时感冒的治疗主要在于当症状初起时, ,即予以缓解即予以缓解. .3) As more and more nephrons(3) As more and more nephrons(肾单位肾单位) are destroyed, the kidney ) are destroyed, the kidney shrinks in size and its efficiency is gradually decreased.shrinks in size and its efficiency is gradually decreased.随着越来越多的肾单位遭到破坏随着越来越多的肾单位遭

16、到破坏, ,肾脏的体积缩小肾脏的体积缩小, , 功能也逐渐退缩功能也逐渐退缩. . 4) The same therapy must be continued as long as the lesion (4) The same therapy must be continued as long as the lesion (病病灶灶)shows no sign of healing. )shows no sign of healing. 只要病灶无愈合的征象只要病灶无愈合的征象, ,就必须继续同样治疗就必须继续同样治疗. .5) As the carcinoma has spread bey

17、ond the liver, the lesion is 5) As the carcinoma has spread beyond the liver, the lesion is assessed to be nonresectable(assessed to be nonresectable(不能切除的不能切除的). ). 既然癌肿已经扩散到肝脏以外既然癌肿已经扩散到肝脏以外, , 该病灶就不能切除该病灶就不能切除. .6) As far as the prognosis ( 6) As far as the prognosis ( 预后预后 )is concerned, its nat

18、ural history )is concerned, its natural history plays a decisive role. plays a decisive role. 就预后而论就预后而论, ,此病的自然过程起着决定性的作用此病的自然过程起着决定性的作用. . 由由 as 构成的一些常见的医学英语中的插入语构成的一些常见的医学英语中的插入语As above 如上所述如上所述; 如同所述那样如同所述那样As also 还有还有, 以及以及As before 如前所述如前所述As compared with /to 与与-比较起来比较起来; 与与-相比相比As concerns

19、 至于至于; 关于关于; 就就-而论而论As ever 依旧依旧As follows 如下所述如下所述As good as 实际上等于实际上等于; 简直是简直是As is also 以及以及; 还有还有-也是如此也是如此As is the case as is often the case 通常就是这样通常就是这样11. As it happens 偏巧偏巧12. As it is 事实上事实上; 按照实际情况来说按照实际情况来说, 按照原状按照原状13. As it stands 按照实际情况来说按照实际情况来说14. As it were 好象好象; 仿佛仿佛; 可以说可以说15. As

20、matters stand 照目前情况来看照目前情况来看16. As may well be the case 情况很可能就是如此情况很可能就是如此17. As seen 显然显然; 正如所见正如所见18. As shown 如同所示如同所示19。As the case may be 视情况而定视情况而定20. As the matter/case stands 照目前情况来看照目前情况来看21. As things are/go 照目前情况来看照目前情况来看22. As though 好象好象; 似乎似乎 23. As usual 照例照例; 照常照常24. As well 同样也同样也25

21、. As well as 既既-又又, 不仅不仅-而且而且, 象象-一样一样26. As yet 到目前为止到目前为止27. Be that as it may 尽管如此尽管如此28. In as much as 由于由于, 既然既然29. In so far as possible 尽可能尽可能30. In so far as 就就-来说来说, 在在-的范围内的范围内, 到到-的程度的程度Of the bacterial pneumonias, the pathogenesis of pneumococcal ( Streptococcus pneumonia) pneumonia is b

22、est understood. These bacteria reside in the upper respiratory tract of up to 70% of adults. They may be spread by direct person-to-person contact via droplets. In many cases, infection results from aspiration of resident bacteria. In the lower respiratory tract, the inflammatory response initiated

23、by these organisms causes alveolar edema and the formation of exudates, blood cells, fibrin, and bacteria, consolidation ( solidification ) of lung tissue occurs. The lower lobes of the lungs are usually affected because of gravity. Consolidation of a large portion of an entire lung lobe is known as

24、 lobar pneumonia. This is the typical pattern for pneumococcal pneumonia. Bronchopneumonia is patchy consolidation involving several lobules. Other bacterial pneumonias often present with the patchy involvement of bronchopneumonia; pneumococcal pneumonia may also follow this pattern. The process res

25、olves when macrophages predominate, digesting and removing inflammatory exudates from the infected lung. Legionnaires disease is a form of bronchopneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative bacterium widely found in water, particularly warm standing water. Legionnaires disease occurs

26、 sporadically and in outbreaks, such as that which occurred at an American Legion convention in 1967, when the disease was first recognized. Contaminated water-cooled air-conditioning systems and other water sources have been implicated in its spread. Smokers, older adults, and people with chronic d

27、iseases or impaired immune defenses are most susceptible to Legionnaires disease. Symptoms develop gradually, beginning 2 to 10 days after exposure. Dry cough, dyspnea, general malaise, chills and fever. Headache, confusion, anorexia and diarrhea, myalgias and arthralgias are common manifestations. Consolidation of lung tissue is patchy or lobar. The mortality rate in Legionnaires disease is up to 31% without treatment in otherwise healthy people and up to 80% in people who are immunocompromised. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae is generally classified as primary a