牛津译林模块三第二单元课文同步梳理

1、Unit 2 LanguageWelcome to the unit & Reading1Project6Writing11Welcome to the unit & ReadingEnglish and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain.The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabularythese people br

2、ought to Britain.That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.all through 一直，从来就be made up of 由组成/构成make up 编造；构成；弥补(for)；和解；化妆vocabulary/v'kæbjlrI/n.词汇these people brought to Britain是定语从句，修饰先行词the grammar and vocabulary，关系代词省略了。why引导表语从句，其中又包含that引导的定语从句。英语及其历史有史以来，在

3、不列颠共同生活着来自许多不同国家和文化背景的人们。英语就是由这些人带到不列颠的语法和词汇构成的。那就是英语有如此多令人困惑不解的规则的原因。Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays.In fact， we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Ce

4、ltic.Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland the Angles and the Saxons occupied Britain.Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages.(Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from place nam

5、es such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English.At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings， people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway， began to move to Britain.They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English.By the 10th century,

6、Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use.This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages， but with similar meanings.For example， the word sick came from a word once u

7、sed by the Angles and the Saxons， while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.be different from .与不同nowadays/'nadeIz/adv.现在，如今in fact 事实上Celtic/'keltIk/n.凯尔特语Germanic/d'mænIk/adj.日耳曼语(族)的mainland/'meInlænd/n.大陆Angle/'æl/n.盎格鲁人Saxon/'sæksn/n.撒克逊人

8、occupy/'kjpaI/vt.占领；占用(时间、空间等)consist of 由组成/构成(be made up of)，无被动语态。consist/kn'sIst/vi.组成，构成mixture/'mIkst(r)/n.混合，混合体name after 以命名aside from 除之外aside/'saId/adv.除之外at the end of .在末Viking/'vaIkI/n.维京人，北欧海盗people from .and Norway是the Vikings的同位语。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰languages。offic

9、ial/'fIl/adj.官方的，正式的phrase/freIz/n.词组，短语This is because .“这是因为”，because引导表语从句。其中介词短语from different languages作定语，修饰words and phrases。for example 例如过去分词短语once used by .作后置定语，修饰a word。while为并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表对比。古英语古英语和现在我们说的英语非常不同。事实上，如果我们今天听到古英语，会听不懂。公元5世纪中叶以前，不列颠所有的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。后来，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族盎格鲁

10、人和撒克逊人占领了不列颠。古英语是由他们的语言混合而成的。(英语及英国人都是由盎格鲁人命名的；Angle这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。)除了像London这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。在9世纪末，来自北欧诸国例如丹麦和挪威的维京人开始向不列颠移居。他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了一起。到了10世纪，古英语已成为英格兰的官方语言。现在，当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语感到困惑。这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，但是这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。比如，sick一词就是来自盎格鲁人和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而ill则来自曾经被挪威人用

11、过的一个词。Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the Englishused from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English.The most important contribution was from the Normans， a French­speaking people who defeated England and too

12、k control of the country in 1066.However，the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons' victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic.Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England， French did not re

13、place English as the first language.On the other hand， the English language did borrow many words from French.This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such asanswer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French)It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed.Af

14、ter the Norman Conquest, many English people worked asservants who raised animals.Therefore， the words we use for most animals raised for food， such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English.However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans， came from Old French：be

15、ef, mutton， pork and bacon.given to .是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰name。其中used from .也是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰English。play a part in 在中起作用，参与contribution/kntrI'bjun/n.贡献，促成因素；捐赠make contributions to 为做贡献Norman/'nmn/n.&adj.诺曼人(的) defeat/dI'fit/vt.击败，战胜take control of 控制，取得对的控制who引导定语从句，修饰a French­speaki

16、ng people。however“然而”，可放在句首、句中或句末，但要注意标点。the Norman Conquest/'kkwest/诺曼征服(诺曼人对英格兰的军事征服)affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭effect n影响have an/no effect on对有/没有影响lead to“导致”，其中to为介词。replace/rI'pleIs/vt.替换，代替，取代which引导非限制性定语从句。entire/In'taI(r)/adj.完全的，整个的even though引导让步状语从句。on the other hand 另一方面result i

17、n 造成，导致such as 诸如，比如work as 担任，充当 servant/'svnt/n.仆人raise/reIz/vt.养育，培养；举起；增加，提高；筹募；提及who引导定语从句，修饰servants。therefore/'ðef(r)/adv.因此，所以we use .是定语从句修饰words；raised for food是过去分词短语作后置定语。which引导非限制性定语从句。mutton/'mtn/n.羊肉bacon/'beIkn/n.熏猪肉，咸猪肉中古英语中古英语是给大约12世纪到15世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。在这一新型英语的

18、发展中，许多事件起了作用。最重要的贡献来自讲法语的诺曼人，他们于1066年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语产生的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词。这造成了甚至更多意思相近的单词，比如answer(来自古英语)和reply(来自古法语)。了解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎样演变而来的是件挺有趣的事。诺曼征服之后，许多英国人以仆人的身份从事饲养动物的工作。因此，我们使用的表示专为食用而饲养的大多数动物的单词

19、，比如cow(母牛)，sheep(绵羊)和pig(猪)，来自古英语。然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给诺曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的词来自古法语，如beef(牛肉)，mutton(羊肉)，pork(猪肉)和bacon(熏猪肉，咸猪肉)。Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well.In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used.For example, they said housen instead ofhouses, and shoe

20、n instead of shoes.After the Normans took control， they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an ­s tohouse and shoe.Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high­class people spoke French while common p

21、eople spoke English.However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England.In 1399, Henry became King of England.His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.the way of doing sth.the way to do sth.做某事的方法plural/

22、'plrl/n.&adj.复数形式(的)，常缩略为pl.。instead of 代替，而不是after引导的时间状语从句。add .to .把加到上high­class/haI'kls/adj.上层社会的while作并列连词，表示转折和对比，意思是“而，却”。come into use 开始被使用class n阶级，阶层mother tonguen母语，本国语古法语也为中古英语做出了其他贡献。在古英语中，单词变复数采用了日耳曼语中单词变复数的方法。例如，他们说housen而不是houses，说shoen而不是shoes。在诺曼人控制英格兰之后，他们开始使用法语

23、的复数构成形式，在house和shoe后面加­s。只有很少的单词保留了日耳曼语的复数形式，如man/men和child/children。诺曼征服之后，上层社会的人讲法语，而普通人则讲英语。但是到了14世纪后半叶，英语已经被英格兰所有社会阶层广泛使用。1399年，亨利四世成了英格兰国王。他的母语是英语，他在所有正式场合都使用英语。Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century.Because of this, Modern English includes many La

24、tin and Greek words.Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period.Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language.The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.It is certain that this process will continue， and people w

25、ill keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.appear vi.出现，显现，没有被动语态。the Renaissance/rI'neIsns/n.(欧洲)文艺复兴because of 因为include vt.包括Latin/'lætIn/n.&adj.拉丁语(的)Greek/rik/adj.希腊语的，希腊(人)的n.希腊语，希腊人go through 经历keep on doing 继续做whether引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。process/'prses/n.过程；进

26、程in (the) process of在的过程中，在进行中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。现代英语现代英语出现于16世纪的文艺复兴时期。由于这个原因，现代英语中含有许多拉丁语及希腊语单词。在此期间，(英语)发音也经历了巨大的变化。当然，这并不是英语语言变化的终结。在将来英语是否会持续变化的这一问题是容易回答的。可以肯定的是，这一进程将会继续，而且人们将会不断地发明新的单词和新的表达事物的方式。Project原文呈现读文清障The development of Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western la

27、nguages in that， instead of an alphabet， it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds.Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters.In many cases， a single character can also make up a word.The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these

28、characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago.According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing.One winter day while he was hunting， he saw the tracks of animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different.Then he had the idea

29、 that he could use different shapes to represent different objects.The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects.Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time.However, as a whole， the characters have developed from drawings into standard for

30、ms.The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together.This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Chinese character 汉字differ from 和不同，不同于differ/'dIf(r)/vi.相异，有区别in that“在于，因为”，引导原因状语从句。alphabet/'ælfbet/n.(一种语言的)字母

31、表，全部字母which引导的定语从句，修饰characters。stand for 代表，象征deed/did/n.行为，行动in many cases 在许多情况下make up构成writing/'raItI/n.文字；文字作品according to根据，是介词短语，后跟名词作宾语。过去分词短语named Cang Jie是后置定语，修饰a man。invent v发明；创造；捏造discover 发现hunt/hnt/vt.&vi.打猎，猎杀；搜寻track n踪迹appearance/'pIrns/n.外观，外貌that he could .是同位语从句，解释

32、说明idea的具体内容。represent/reprI'zent/vt.代表；展示，描绘drawing/'drI/n.绘画，绘画艺术physical adj.有形的；实物的；物质的；物理的simplify/'sImplIfaI/vt.简化over time随着时间的推移；久而久之as a whole作为整体，总体上mountaintop n山顶汉字的发展第12段译文汉语与西方语言不同，区别在于它不使用字母，而是用汉字表示思想、物体或行为。中文的词语是通过把不同的汉字放在一起而组成的。在许多情况下，一个单字也能构成一个词。通过研究这些汉字是如何发展的就可以考察汉语的历史了

33、。汉字起源于数千年前。根据古代传说，一位名叫仓颉的人发明了汉字。他在某个冬日打猎时，看到各种动物留在雪中的足迹，他发现足迹的外观各不相同，接着他有了用不同形状代表不同物体的想法。最初的汉字只是表现有形物体的图画。随着时间的推移，一些汉字被简化了，而另一些则变得更加复杂了。然而，总体看来，汉字已从图画发展成了标准形式。表示“山”的汉字最初是三座山峰并列，继而变成了一座山峰和三条线，随着时间的推移，最终演变成了现在使用的字形。Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects.Sometimes to express ideas，

34、some characters were made by combining two or more characters together.For example， rest was made up of the characters for a man and a tree.The character prisoner was formed with a man inside a square.Other characters were developed for directions and numbers.It is easy to distinguish their meanings

35、 by looking at them, for example, the characters for up and down， which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced.Therefore， a method was developed to have one part of a character i

36、ndicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation.Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China's mainland.Not all .是部分否定句式，意为“并不是所有的都”。动词不定式短语to express ideas

37、作目的状语。combine/km'baIn/vt.&vi.组合；(使)联合combine sth. and sth.(together)使某物与另一物结合起来combine sth.with sth.把某物与另一物相混合for example 例如be made up of 由组成/构成be formed with 由组成it为形式主语，真正的主语是to distinguish .。distinguish/dI'stIwI/vt.区分，辨别；使具有某种特征which are opposites .是非限制性定语从句，修饰the characters for up and

38、 down。opposite n对应物；对立面indicate/'IndIkeIt/vt.显示，表示；象征，暗示shortcoming/'tkmI/n.缺点，短处pronounce v发音therefore adv.因此；所以have sb./sth.do sth.让某人/某物做某事get sb./sth.to do sth.让某人/某物做某事used today作后置定语，修饰characters。in the 1950s 在20世纪50年代simplified Chinese characters 简化汉字第35段译文并非所有的汉字都是由用来描绘物体而发展的。有时为了表达想

39、法，某些汉字由两个或多个汉字联合起来而创造的。比如，“休”是由表示“人”和“树”的汉字组合而成的，“囚”字则是由人字位于框中构成的。另一些汉字则用于表示方向和数字。通过看它们的字形，很容易区别它们的意思，比如汉字“上”和“下”，其字形恰好相反。虽然这几种类型的汉字能够表意，但是它们的缺点之一是其字形不能显示怎样发音。因此便出现了一种应对之策，即汉字的一部分表意，另一部分表音。今天使用的许多汉字便是用这种方式创造出来的。20世纪50年代，中国政府推广简化汉字，现在它们已在中国大陆全面普及。The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about readin

40、g, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper.However， this is not always true.For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (18091852)Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a resu

41、lt of an injury.When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris.In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wireto form letters.Since the metal wire was heavy， each book weighed as much as 100 pounds.The whole system was not convenient for use.Indeed， the schoo

42、l library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle.His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers.Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a

43、different patternwhich consisted of twelve dots.The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message.talk about 说到；谈到think of 想到；考虑ink/Ik/n.墨水，油墨however是副词，意为“然而”，表示转折关系。who引导定语从句，修饰the roduce .to/into把引入，介绍到。eyesight/'aIsaIt/n.视力at the age of 在岁时as a result of 由

44、于；因为；作为的结果the blind盲人；theadj.表示一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。press/pres/vt.(被)压，挤，推，施加压力n.报刊；新闻界；出版社；press against 压在上(压住，施压于)wire/'waI(r)/n.金属丝；铁丝网动词不定式短语to form letters作目的状语。since用作连词，意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句。weigh v重达；有重量as much as 多达；和一样多convenient/kn'vinInt/adj.方便的be convenient for sb.对某人来说方便indeed adv.事实上；的

45、确battle/'bætl/n.&vi.战斗with small .fingers作定语修饰paper；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词dots。represent v代表；表示pattern/'pætn/n.图案，花纹；模式，方式consist of 由组成/构成，不用于进行时态和被动语态。which引导定语从句，修饰先行词pattern。drag/dræ/vt.(使劲地)拖；拉布莱叶盲文的故事第13段译文通常，当我们谈到阅读时，我们会想到用眼睛去看纸上墨水写成的字母。然而，情况并不总是这样的。比如，盲人无法看到东西，但他们仍能阅读书籍。

46、将盲人领入阅读世界的人是路易斯·布莱叶(1809 1852)。布莱叶在3岁时因为受伤而失明。10岁时，他进入巴黎的一所盲人学校就读。那时候，盲人用书是用纸压在金属丝上来形成字母。因为金属丝很重，所以每本书都会重达100磅。整个系统使用起来不方便。事实上，学校图书馆也只有14本这样的书。1821年，一位士兵参观学校并向学生们展示了一种战时夜间传递信息的方法。他的方法是使用带小凸点的纸张，这些小凸点可以用手指感觉出来。字母表里的每一个字母都由12个点组成的不同形状来表示。因此士兵们可以用手指触摸凸点来阅读信息。While the students found the soldier

47、9;s idea interesting， the system was too difficult to be of practical use.However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it.At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter.Braille， the system for reading used today by blind people around

48、 the world， was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers.They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter.Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing， and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Bra

49、ille for its people to use.while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。too .to .太而不能practical/'præktIkl/adj.切实可行的，实用的of practical use意为“实用的”，一般来说，“of抽象名词”相当于形容词，常用作表语。work on 从事with patterns of six raised dots .是由“withn.v.­ing形式”构成的with复合结构，作后置定语，修饰a system。around the world 世界各地thus/ðs/adv.以此方式，如此；因此

50、，从而recognize v识别；认出；认识typewriter/'taIpraIt(r)/n.打字机过去分词短语used by blind .作定语，修饰system。version/'vn/n.版本第45段译文虽然学生们都觉得士兵的想法非常有趣，但这个方法太过复杂而不实用。然而年幼的路易斯·布莱叶采纳了这个想法并着手完善它。15岁时，他创造出了可以由6个凸点来表示每个字母的体系。“布莱叶盲人点字法”，这一当今被全世界盲人广泛使用的阅读体系就此诞生了。盲人可以轻松地用手指辨别布莱叶盲文。他们也可以使用特殊的打字机，方便地用布莱叶盲文书写。今天，布莱叶盲文是最为普及的

51、盲人阅读及书写体系，几乎每种语言，包括汉语，都有着自己的布莱叶盲文版本供盲人使用。Writing模板Dear _ ,I am writing to formally request to _（请求的内容）.The reason for _is that_（给出原因）. I_ , so I _（给出细节）.I would also like to request _（提出进一步的要求）. I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. Thank you for your attention to these requests. If you ha

52、ve any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at _（电话号码）. I look forward to a favorable reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming模板Dear_, My name is _(自我介绍). Im writing a letter to you to ask for some help. I have met difficulty in _(求助内容). First, I find _(困难1). Besides, _(困难2). Whats more, _(困难3).Faced with

53、so much difficulty, I have to ask you for some help. Would you like to _(委婉提出请求)？In the meanwhile, I beg you to (请求内容) so that _(请求目的). Also, I would like you to (请求内容).Im sure that I can make great progress in _(表达期待).Yours,Li Hua常用句型：（做某事有困难） 1.I have trouble in doing 

54、;sth. 2.I find it extremely hard for me to do sth. 3.Doing sth is another terrible headache for me. l 常见困难： 【生活方面】 与人相处 get along well with my classmates/ 

55、the new teacher / my parents.（和我的同学/新老师/父母相处） 把握时间 arrange and make good use of my everyday time for valuable things. （安排和利用每天的时间去做有意义的事情） 明确目标 know the purpose of my lif

56、e and the destination of my future in order to passionately live a purpose-driven life everyday. （知道我生命的目的和未来的目标，以便每天充满激情地过着“目标驱动”的生活） 【学习方面】 不懂语法 have trouble in mastering the advanced grammar rules and put them into