美学与美育期末复习重点题目与答案

1、e held onesession offourstaffrepresentativesConference2013-workshop,fullbancrea se of729 mill ion k Wh.-Securitymeasures: unpl anned outages2.5times.billion k Wh, beyond the annual budgetim plementation ca pacity of315 millionkWh,an increase of 757 million kWh.Salestotaled 7.425 billi on k Wh,ex cee

2、di ng99.8% .-Reliability i ndex: equivalent availa bility factor i n 93.47%, increase d 7.95% froma yearearlier.Equivalentforced outage rate 0.08%,0.16% reduction ov erier.Major achievements:first,weshould adhere to the two"managementsystem" basis,strengthe ning te美学与美育期末复习重点题目与答案（按章节排列）第一

3、章什么是美学一、单项选择题1 .著名的“美的概念”说是古代西方哲学家（A.柏拉图）提出的。A.柏拉图B.鲍姆加登 C.黑格尔 D.贺拉斯2 .提出“自下而上”美学研究方法的是德国心理学家（ C.费希纳）。A.席勒 B.叔本华 C. 费希纳 D.狄尔泰3 .谈美、文艺心理学和诗论的作者是中国现代美学家（B.朱光潜）A.王国维B.朱光潜 C.宗白华 D.蔡仪4 .美学主要是一门（A.人文学科）A.人文学科 B.自然科学 C.社会科学 D.实验科学二、判断正误1 .美学的性质就是指美学的对象？答：错。因为性质指的是基本属性，而美学的对象是指美学研究的客体。二者密切 相关但却不是一回事。美学的性质在于

4、它是一门突出形象、 具体、体验方式的人文学科， 而美学的对象是人的感性的活生生的整体形象。2 .审美体验是神秘不可知的？答：错。因为审美体验虽然是一种对于具体审美现象的深入独特的感性直觉方式， 但它却不是凭空出现的，而是一种生活经验的特殊形态，只不过这种生活经验富于直觉 性，并且富含深意，因而具有特殊的感染力，并非不可知。三、简答题1、西方美学的发展经历了哪些阶段？ （ P2-P7）答：西方美学的发展经历了五个阶段：本质论美学；神学美学；认识论美学；语言论美学；文化论美学。P2 P72、什么是本质论美学？本质论美学是指在古希腊时期形成的以追问美的本质为中心的美学传统。具突出特征一是认定美的本质

5、问题在美学中具有优先地位；二是主张本质问题存在于一切美学问题中，是美学的基础问题。本质论美学是西方美学的发生期形态，对于后世美学产生了 深远的影响。其代表人物是柏拉图。3、什么是语言论美学？语言论美学，是指西方19世纪末期发生“语言论转向”以来盛行于 20世纪的以语un-upt o theS pring Festival,we nnualExecutive budget,an ichnologicalresearch,strengthen hihecurr entsituation,discuss 2013developme nt pla ns.Here,on be halfofmycompa

6、ny 2013workreports to the Ge neralAssem bly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back i n2012,XX powercompa nies a dheret othe party' s 17great spiritforguida nce,comprehensively implement thesci entific concept ofdevel opment ,promoti ng cost-lea dershipstrategy, standards,focuson implementation, l

7、eanmanagement,continuously improve, smooth present safety situationofenterprisemanagement,business managementand controlscientifica nd sta ndar dize d,andthe dedication ofstaff,managea harmoniousand dem ocratic atmosphereofthe goodsituation. Maini ndi catorsare a sfollow s:-the battery indicat or:po

8、werge neration totaled 7.815occurred,no majora cci dentand a bove ,nomajorfireaccidentswit hout e nvironmental pollution acci dent s, safety forthree consecutiveyearsto mai ntain sta bilityto good posture.Business financialindicators:total profitsof255milli onYuan,beyond t heannual budgetof207 milli

9、 onYuan, beyondthe Datang compa nyindex41.89 millionYuan,an i ncrea seof 1.76 milli onYuan,FCM assessme nt at gradefour.-Energy: powersupply standard coalcompleting 312.25 g /kWh,down 0.1 g /kWh;i ntegrated auxiliary pow erconsumption ratio in5.12%,down 0.26%; pollutantemissions performance greatly

10、re duced com pare dto lastyea r,car bon 0.09 g/k Wh,sulfur dioxide0.104 g/k Wh NOx 0.512g /k Wh;dustremovalefficiencyof more thandden ha zards controland intri nsic safety Enterprise co nstruction took newste ps. -Thetw o"management system"forimprovement. Focus onpromotingthe power oftheco

11、mpany manag ement systemand theapplication andim plementati onofthe safetyloopfive-star management system, improve thesafetymanagementsystem,realizethesystem ofsafetycontrol.Further regul ate securityrouti nes, safetysupe rvisiona nd ma nagementnet work rolet o playtoa chieve closed-loop. Stre ngthe

12、 ningthe supervisi on and manageme ntof ha bitualvi olation of,strengtheningthe safetysupervisi onof outsourci ng contractor s.Carrie d outinspringa nd a utumnofse curityi nspecti ons,floodcontrol a nd inspe ction,safe typroductionmont h, day supervisionof production safetyand theOlympic Games andot

13、her言问题为中心的美学，包括俄国形式主义、英美“新批评”、心理分析美学、分析美学、结构主义、后结构主义、存在主义和新历史主义等美学流派。其主要特征有三个：第一，语言取代理性而成为美学的中心问题；第二，放弃美的本质及其他本质问题，注重用语言模型分析审美现象；第三，放弃美学的系统化和体系化追求，认可具体问题的文本阐释。四、论述题（无）第二章美及形态一、单项选择题1、下列美学家中不主张美是主观的人是（B 狄德罗）2、下列美学家中主张美在关系的人是（B狄德罗）3、由车尔尼雪夫斯基提出的著名美学命题是（“美是生活”）4、西方美学史上首次从修辞学角度论证崇高的美学家是（B 郎吉弩斯）5、中国古代美学家中

14、，把“情”与“景”、 “心”与“”物结合起来认识的是（王夫之）6、在中国（魏晋南北朝）时代自然事物真正作为审美对象进入人的视野。7、关于悲剧的本质，黑格尔的观点是（悲剧是两种对立理想的冲突和最终和解，显示“永恒理性”的胜利） 。8、美的基本特征是（符号性、无功利性、形象性、感染性）。9、具有原始真实性、情感真诚性和艺术天然性特征的中国古典审美范畴是（自然） 。二、判断正误1、人是社会美的中心，自然美是与人无关的美答：错。这种说法之承认了人在社会美中的中心地位，而否定了自然美的实质也在于它在人类符号实践中所体现出来的价值。即自然正是在人类的符号实践中成为独立的审美对象，获得了美的属性，成为人的生

15、命活力的符号。自然美与人的紧密相关，无法割裂。2、自然美的形式性指自然的美只在于自然事物的形式本身答：错。这种说法不完全。自然美的形式性固然指自然物的形式因素在自然美中占据主导地位，但是这种形式本身也可以蕴含深层意义。3、社会美的呈现离不开它的意蕴答：对。因为社会事物作为美的对象而呈现，主要是以它的意蕴使人感动。社会美的灵魂是善，善被蕴涵在美的感性形式之中，社会事物的意蕴因素在社会美的呈现中具有主导作用。ctivities,compre hensive andtamping SafetyFoundation .Troubl eshooti ng, manageme ntmechanism,gi

16、ve fullplaytorole oftechnicalsupe rvision andrealizati on oftroubleshooting,management,impr oved processmanagement.This year completed t heboiler l owerhea derleakage, boilerpressure,a majorri skmanagement, completed29 of great risks and 3Generalproblems ofgovernance. Complete chemi stry lab constr

17、ucti on,thermalcontrol,a ndcomplete t he boilerscale integrated management, hostshaftingvi bration of10scie ntificandtechnologi calpr ojects,such a s.Completesupercriti cal630MW on-line simulationsystem developme ntandapplicati on ofcir culati ngwaterMCC standbypowertransformation,thetransformation

18、ofdesulfuri zation w astewater,the unitwatersupplysystem of comprehensive treatmentand dischargevalve modification ofcoalmill5 key technologi caltransformation projects,grouphealth is improve d. -S cience andtechnology i nnovati onis furt her increase d.Strengthenthe characteristicsofsuper critical

19、unitmajorissue s,gradua llyclearingthe particularity of supercritical unitand regularit y.Devel opedmotoroiltimemanagement,switchaction times,statistics,coal -aide dmeasur ementsoftware, im proves theproduction levelof lean management.Increa sedi nvestment in science a ndte chnology,re porti ng scie

20、 nce andtechnology pr oject s and 14techni calprojecttotal cost perce ntageofthe total a nnualproductionoutputof0.25%."Large -scale coal-fire d powerpla ntfluegas de sulfurization,de nitrification com plete devel opment andapplicationof keytechnologies"pr oje ct,won the nati onal sciencea

21、nd te chnol ogy pr ogressse cond prize.630M W supercriti calunitsoptimized contr olstrategiesand the630MW devel opme ntand a pplication ofon-li nesimulati on sy stem for supercritical units, supercriti cal600MW units of turbine driven boilerfeedpump set ofcomprehensivetreatmentofdefectsDatang techno

22、log yrespectively one ortwoa nd thir d.Meanwhile,information technologyachievements,the compa nywas named "Chi na powerinformati on technology benchmarki ng enterpri ses." -Repaira ndithidfthMdifthititdd dtddlbi tddiikdhkidititDithBFStdiltitiftihdRiiRBliidthfthRBItithhi fittiltdttSfllti ft

23、ti tlibilitidt dilIltit l littthl487%d423%tilAliht iltiidhlffMillit tttiPtthkfidtidiltthittidiil ttbltt10itSdhlddht"th"thibfit fiit hmaintenance ha simprove dfurther.Modify theinspectionstandardsa nd standards on aregul ar basi s,standardi zing w ork proced ures, checkinga nd inspection pr

24、 oject.Dee peni ng the BFS+system,and implements maintenance informationshared.Reorga nizing R Blogicagain,a nd e nsure t hesuccess oftheRB. Innovating the mechani smofmaintena ncemanagement,implemented a proje ctm anagersystem.Successfulcompletion oftwoautonom ousmai ntenance ,reliabil ity improved

25、 stea dil y.Impleme ntingtwo c-l evelmaintena nce, projectthemselves48.7%and 42.3%,respectively.Accomplishtw ocirculating pumps repair andover haul offour Mills,m aintena nceteamstoget exercise.Promotethe work ofenergy savingand consumpti onre ducing, complete t he unitenergyconsumption diagnosis, p

26、la ntwater balancetest,10 energy-savingproje cts.Second,we shoul dadhereto"three"on theeconomic benefits ofimproving, outrea che held onesession offourstaffrepresentativesConference2013-workshop,fullbancrea se of729 mill ion k Wh.-Securitymeasures: unpl anned outages2.5times.billion k Wh,

27、beyond the annual budgetim plementation ca pacity of315 millionkWh,an increase of 757 million kWh.Salestotaled 7.425 billi on k Wh,ex ceedi ng99.8%.-Reliability index: equivalent availa bility factor i n 93.47%, increase d 7.95% froma yearearlier.Equivalentforced outage rate 0.08%,0.16% reduction ov

28、 erier.Major achievements:first,weshould adhere to the two"managementsystem" basis,strengthe ning teun-upt o theS pring Festival,we nnualExecutive budget,an ichnologicalresearch,strengthen hihecurr entsituation,discuss 2013developme nt pla ns.Here,on be halfofmycompany 2013workreports to t

29、he Ge neralAssem bly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back i n2012,XX powercompa nies a dheret othe party' s 17great spiritforguida nce,comprehensively implement thesci entific concept ofdevel opment ,promoti ng cost-lea dershipstrategy, standards,focuson implementation, l eanmanagement,continuou

30、sly improve, smooth present safety situationofenterprisemanagement,business managementand controlscientifica nd sta ndar dize d,andthe dedication ofstaff,managea harmoniousand dem ocratic atmosphereofthe goodsituation. Maini ndi catorsare a sfollow -the battery indicat or:powerge neration totaled 7.

31、815occurred,no majora cci dentand a bove ,nomajorfireaccidentswit hout e nvironmental pollution acci dent s, safety forthree consecutiveyearsto mai ntain sta bilityto good posture.Business financialindicators:total profitsof255milli onYuan,beyond t heannual budgetof207 milli onYuan, beyondthe Datang

32、 compa nyindex41.89 millionYuan,an i ncrea seof 1.76 milli onYuan,FCM assessme nt at gradefour.-Energy: powersupply standard coalcompleting 312.25 g /kWh,down 0.1 g /kWh;i ntegrated auxiliary pow erconsumption ratio in5.12%,down 0.26%; pollutantemissions performance greatly re duced compare dto last

33、yea r,car bon 0.09 g/k Wh, sulfur dioxide0.104 g/k Wh NOx 0.512g /k Wh;dustremovalefficiencyof more thandden ha zards controland intri nsic safety Enterprise constructiontook newste ps. -Thetw o"management system"forimprovement. Focus onpromotingthe power ofthecompany management systemand

34、theapplication andim plementati onofthe safetyloopfive-star management system, improve thesafetymanagementsystem,realizethesystem ofsafetycontrol.Further regul ate securityrouti nes, safetysupe rvisiona nd ma nagementnet work rolet o playtoa chieve closed-loop. Stre ngthe ningthe supervisi on and ma

35、nageme ntof ha bitualvi olation of,strengtheningthe safetysupervisi onof outsourci ng contractor s.Carrie d outinspringa nd a utumnofse curityi nspecti ons,floodcontrol a nd inspe ction,safe typroductionmont h, day supervisionof production safetyand theOlympic Games andother4、艺术是艺术家创造出来的具有表现性的符号系统，与

36、观众没有直接的关系答：错。艺术的五个要素是作品、观众、创造、艺术家和文化语境，其中观众是艺术作品生命的完成者和延续者，艺术的价值只有通过观众才能得以实现。艺术与观众有着不可分割的直接关系。5、通过艺术的“化丑为美”，原本丑的事物就获得了美的属性。答：错。艺术的“化丑为美”是运用符号把丑变为审美对象，赋予它审美价值，但丑的事物其自身属性并未改变。三、简答题2、自然人类符号实践中获得美的属性经历了哪几个阶段自然在人类符号实践中获得美的属性，经历了如下三个阶段：在第一阶段中，自然作为人类异己的符号。第二阶段，自然成为人类对话的伙伴。第三阶段中，自然作为人类的自由的生命活力的符号，成为独立的审美对象，

37、从而完全获得美的属性。5、如何理解美的符号性美的符号性特征：美的符号性是指美所具有的物质化形态的特性。包括三层意思：第一， 美以符号形式向人类传达其内在意义；第二， 人类通过符号表达人生的美；第三，人类还通过符号构建相互沟通的美的世界。6、如何理解美的无功利性美的无功利性是美的基本特征之一。它是指美的事物具有与人的直接的实际利益考虑相脱离的特性。这种特性包括两个方面的含义：一方面客观对象不直接唤起主体的实际利益需要；另一方面主体对客体不做实际功利的评价。7、简答技术美内涵技术美是美的形态的一种，指技术活动的美。它是技术活动中那种能体现人的开拓和创造本性并具有生命活力的活的形象。技术美有三层主要

38、含义：一是指技术对象的直观形式使人类得到感官愉悦，二是指技术对象是对人的自由活动的肯定，三是指技术创造了更为广阔的审美世界。9、如何理解“化丑为美”？在现实中， “丑”是令人不快的因素，但在艺术中， “丑”是一种不可缺少的要素。艺术运用符号把现实生活中的“丑”变为审美对象，赋予它审美的价值。这就是“化丑为美” 。10、艺术“化丑为美”的基本途径是什么？艺术“化丑为美”的基本途径是批判、对照和形式创造。艺术家运用符号进行艺术创作必须表达对对丑的否定性评价；必须遵循辨证的原则，在美丑对照中使美者更美，丑者更丑；在创作中运用艺术符号的形式创造力量，将化丑转为美。on .Troubl eshootin

39、g, managementmechanism,give fullplaytoroleoftechnicalsupervision andrealization oftroubleshooting,mahis year completed theboiler l owerhea derleakage, boilerpressure,a majorriskmanagement,completed29nance. Completey.Develof0.25%."Largechemistry lab constr ucti on,thermalcontrol,a-scale coal-fir

40、e d powerpla ntfluegas dendcomplete t he boilerscale integrated masulfurization,de nitrification complete development andapplicationof keytechnologies"pr oje ct,won the national sciencea nd te chnol ogy pr ogressse cond prize.630M W supercriti calunitsoptimized contrkey technologiuphealtcaltran

41、sformation projects,grouphMeanwhilele,information technologyachievements,the compa nywas named "China powerinformation technologycsofsupercritical unitmajorissuebenchmarki ng enterprises."s,gradua-Repairaun-upt o theS pring Festival,we nnualExecutive budget,an ichnologicalresearch,strength

42、en hihecurr entsituation,discuss 2013developme nt pla ns.Here,on be halfofmycompany 2013workreports to the Ge neralAssem bly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back i n2012,XX powercompa nies a dheret othe party' s 17great spiritforguida nce,comprehensively implement thesci entific concept ofdevel

43、opment ,promoti ng cost-lea dershipstrategy, standards,focuson implementation, l eanmanagement,continuously improve, smooth present safety situationofenterprisemanagement,business managementand controlscientifica nd sta ndar dize d,andthe dedication ofstaff,managea harmoniousand dem ocratic atmosphe

44、reofthe goodsituation. Maini ndi catorsare a sfollow s:-the battery indicat or:powerge neration totaled 7.815occurred,no majora cci dentand a bove ,nomajorfireaccidentswit hout e nvironmental pollution acci dent s, safety forthree consecutiveyearsto mai ntain sta bilityto good posture.Business finan

45、cialindicators:total profitsof255milli onYuan,beyond t heannual budgetof207 milli onYuan, beyondthe Datang compa nyindex41.89 millionYuan,an i ncrea seof 1.76 milli onYuan,FCM assessme nt at gradefour.-Energy: powersupply standard coalcompleting 312.25 g /kWh,down 0.1 g /kWh;i ntegrated auxiliary po

46、w erconsumption ratio in5.12%,down 0.26%; pollutantemissions performance greatly re duced com pare dto lastyea r,car bon 0.09 g/k Wh,sulfur dioxide0.104 g/k Wh NOx 0.512g /k Wh;dustremovalefficiencyof more thandden ha zards controland intri nsic safety Enterprise co nstruction took newste ps. -Thetw

47、 o"management system"forimprovement. Focus onpromotingthe power ofthecompany manag ement systemand theapplication andim plementati onofthe safetyloopfive-star management system, improve thesafetymanagementsystem,realizethesystem ofsafetycontrol.Further regul ate securityrouti nes, safetysu

48、pe rvisiona nd ma nagementnet work rolet o playtoa chieve closed-loop. Stre ngthe ningthe supervisi on and manageme ntof ha bitualvi olation of,strengtheningthe safetysupervisi onof outsourci ng contractor s.Carrie d outinspringa nd a utumnofse curityi nspecti ons,floodcontrol a nd inspe ction,safe

49、typroductionmont h, day supervisionof production safetyand theOlympic Games andother11、简述优美与壮美的美学含义答：优美与壮美。优美与壮美是西方文化中的一对美学范畴。弱小、缓慢、阴柔的事物所呈现的偏于静态的和谐就是优美；强大、疾速、刚劲的事物所呈现的偏于动态的和谐就是壮美。两者的根本特征就是和谐，优美与壮美往往是融为一体的。12、简要回答阳刚与阴柔这一对美学范畴的意义答：阳刚之美与阴柔之美的特征及相互关系。阳刚与阴柔是中国古典美学的一对重要范畴。阳刚之美偏重于动态和力感；阴柔之美偏重于静态和柔感。在中国古典审

50、美意境中，常常是动中含静，静中寓动，刚柔相济，阴阳互补。在中国文化中，阳刚与阴柔经常用于对音乐、人物形象、艺术分类、诗歌意境、文体特征的描述、品评。四、论述题3、具体论述美的形象性特征回答提示：美的形象性：美的形象性是美的基本特征之一，它是指美通过符号形式而创造具体可感画面的特性。从客体方面理解，美总是在符号形式中呈现为具体可感、丰富活泼的生动形象；从主体方面来说，美依赖于主体对形象的直觉。这主客体的交互作用造就了生动感人的美。具体来说，首先，美必须呈现为形象。形象是事物的形、色、声、味、态诸方面的统一体，是具体可感的生动存在方式。人的丰富情绪通过形象而获得实在的质感。形象是美的呈现方式，离开

51、了形象，美无影无踪，无从谈起。第二，美的形象不依赖概念和推理，而依赖于人对对象的直觉。美的形象在主体和对象交互影响、召唤和应答中诞生和呈现。第三，美的形象极富生命节奏和韵律，它往往是不停流动和变易，呈现生机勃勃的活力。第四，美的形象以音乐为最高境界。按照中国人的审美观念，宇宙和心灵深处的深层音响显现为形象中内涵的节奏和韵律的跃动，而这正是音乐的审美特征。4、具体论述自然美的特征回答提示：自然美具有自然性、形式性、变异性特征自然美的自然性，是指自然物的美具有非人为的天然属性。 “花自飘零水自流”，它的属性和形式是天然呈现着的，而非人类主观意志所改造成的。同时，自然美的存在是一种现实的自然性存在，

52、其本身不构成人类的社会关系。自然美的形式性，是指与社会美、艺术美和科技美相比较而言，自然物的形式因素在自然美中具有主导作用。自然物作为审美对象而呈现，首先是以赏心悦目的直观形式吸引人的注意力、想象力和情感，而不是它们的内在意蕴。而且，对人类来说，在特定的对自然的审美体验状态中，自然物的形式本身似乎就意味着意义。自然美的变异性，这是指自然物的具有变动特征。理解这个特征有一定的难度，可以从三方面来把握：第一，自然事物本身充满活力；第二，自然事物唤起人的不确定联on .Troubl eshooting, manageme ntmechanism,give fullplaytoroleoftechni

53、calsupervision andrealizatin oftroubleshooting,mahis year completed theboiler l owerhea derleakage, boilerpressure,a majorriskmanagement,completed29f great risks and 3Generalproblems ofgovernance. Completey.Develoftware,nagement.Increasedi nvestment in science a ndte chnology,re porti ng scie nce an

54、dtechnology project s and 14technicalprojecttotalcost perce ntageofthe total aof0.25%."Largechemi stry lab constr ucti on,thermalcontrol,a-scale coal-fire d powerpla ntfluegas dendcomplete t he boilerscale integrated masulfurization,de nitrification complete develnagement, hostshaftingvi bratio

55、n of10scie ntificandtechnologiopment andapplicationof keytechnologies"pr oje ct,won the naticalpr ojects,such acoalmill5 key technologicaltransformation projects,grouphealtonal sciencea nd te chnol ogy pr ogressse cond prize.630M W supercriti calunitsoptimized contrW devel opme ntand a pplicati

56、on ofon-linesimulati on sy stem for supercriticalunits, supercriti cal600MW units of turbine drivenboilerfeedpump set ofcomprehensivetreatmentofdefectsDatang technolog yrespectivelyone ortwoand thir dMeanwhile,information technologyachievements,the compa nywas named "China powerinformation tech

57、nologycsofsupercritical unitmajorissuebenchmarki ng enterprises."s,gradua-Repairaun-upt o theS pring Festival,we nnualExecutive budget,an ichnologicalresearch,strengthen hihecurr entsituation,discuss 2013developme nt pla ns.Here,on be halfofmycompany 2013workreports to the Ge neralAssem bly,for

58、 consideration.Pillar I,2012 back i n2012,XX powercompa nies a dheret othe party' s 17great spiritforguida nce,comprehensively implement thesci entific concept ofdevel opment ,promoti ng cost-lea dershipstrategy, standards,focuson implementation, l eanmanagement,continuously improve, smooth present safety si