名词语法讲解课件PPT

1、名词语法讲解课件PPT语法专题（一）语法专题（一）名名 词词MISS Wang名词要点精讲名词要点精讲 名词是英语考试中的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面名词是英语考试中的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。高考中名词的考查点。专有名词专有名词(Proper Nouns)普通名词普通名词(Common Nouns)个体名词个体名词(Individual Nouns)集体名词集体名词(Collective Nouns)物质名词物质名词(Material Nouns)抽象名词抽象名词(Abs

2、tract Nouns)不可数名词不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)可数名词可数名词(Countable Nouns)专有名词专有名词Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day注意：注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写专有名词的第一个字母要大写普通名词普通名词Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. 个体名词个体名词: 指作为个体而存在的指作为个体而存在的人或

3、东西人或东西可以指具体的人或物。可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. 集体名词集体名词: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看

4、。 His family _ not large. (be)Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be)在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.isare有少数集体名词通常用作单数。有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police a

5、re looking for him. 3.物质名词名词: 指无法分为个体的物质。指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：特殊情况：1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份一份”、“一杯一杯”、“一种一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）两份）Three beers

6、, please. (三杯）三杯） It was a special tea. (一种）一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）（雨季）sands （沙滩）（沙滩） snows (积雪）积雪）waters(海域海域)4.抽象名词抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词

7、。多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念）失败与成功在此为抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失败者，可数

8、成功者，失败者，可数)二、名词的数二、名词的数 不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。情况情况加法加法例词例词一般情况一般情况以以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音y结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音+o 结尾的词结尾的词以以f或或fe结尾的词结尾的词加加-s加加-es去去y加加-ies五个加五个加-es，其他加其

9、他加s 把把f/fe改成改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishesLadies;countries;Heroes; tomatoesHalves; leaves;可数名词可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：式有以下几种：不规则复数：不规则复数：1、元音变化元音变化：man-men woman-women mouse-mice foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese 2 2、单复数同型、单复数同型：fish deer sheep3 3、加、加enen（renren）: : ox-

10、oxen child-children4 4、中国计量单位单复数同型：、中国计量单位单复数同型： yuan 、jin、mu.5 5、某国人：、某国人：中日不变、英法变、其他直接中日不变、英法变、其他直接 来来把把s添。添。复合名词的复数形式：复合名词的复数形式：1.词末词末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是

11、这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或或woman 只有复数形式的情况：只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子裤子); glasses(眼镜眼镜); compasses(圆规圆规) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass ( 玻璃玻璃 )copper ( 铜铜 )tin ( 锡锡 )paper ( 纸纸 )iron (铁铁 )wood ( 木头木头 )gold (金子金子 )youth (青春青春 )power ( 力量力量 )beau

12、ty ( 美美 )pleasure( 愉快愉快 )relation(关系）关系）a glass ( 玻璃杯玻璃杯 )a copper ( 铜币板铜币板 )a tin ( 罐头罐头 )a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文报纸，证件，论文 )an iron (熨斗熨斗 )a wood ( 树林树林 )a gold (金牌金牌 )a youth (年青人年青人 )a power ( 大国大国 )a beauty ( 美人，美的东西美人，美的东西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(亲戚）亲戚）英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。英语中有许多对词，一

13、个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗一首诗 )a machine(一台机器一台机器 )a job(一件工作一件工作 )a laugh(一个笑声一个笑声 )a permit(许可证许可证 )a garment (一件衣裳一件衣裳 )a bag(case) (一件行李一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包一只面包 )a hair(一根头发一根头发 )poetry(诗歌总称诗歌总称 )machinery(机器总称机器总称 )work(工作工作 )laughter(笑声笑声 )permission(允许允许 )clothing(衣裳总称衣裳总称 )luggage, baggage(行李行李 )bre

14、ad(面包面包 )hair( 头发头发)几个名词的特殊用法几个名词的特殊用法 hair_. （他的头发是白的。）（他的头发是白的。）_. （他有几根白的（他有几根白的头发。）头发。）His hair is whiteHe has a few grey hairs fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.weredozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen penc

15、ilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of peopledozen ofword（消息，通知）（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。名词特征名词特征构成方法构成方法示例示例有生命的单数名有生命的单数名词词在词尾加在词尾加sMikes fatherJeffs baseball有生命的有生命的复数名词复数名词以以s结尾的在词结尾的在词尾加尾加My parents hometown不以不以s结尾的

16、在结尾的在词尾加词尾加sThe childrens book几个人共同拥有几个人共同拥有的名词的名词只在最后一个词只在最后一个词加加sMary and Kates house每个人名各自拥每个人名各自拥有的名词有的名词在每个名词后加在每个名词后加sJanes and Toms books2022-4-27名词所有格名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:1. Ill take the risk for friendships sake.2. She was at her wits end.3. Now they could sing a

17、t their hearts content.4. We should get the children out of harms way.5. We had best keep them at arms length.6. For goodness sake,stop arguing.7. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. (为了友谊）为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（尽情地）（不受损害）（不受损害）（保持距离（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）（很合算）四、名词的修饰语四、名词的修饰语fewfew 几乎没

18、有几乎没有 a few a few 一些、几个一些、几个manymany 许多许多 many amany a 许多许多severalseveral 若干、几个若干、几个a couple ofa couple of 两个、一双两个、一双a number ofa number of 许多、若干许多、若干a greatlarge number ofa greatlarge number of 许多许多 little little 很少、几乎没有很少、几乎没有 a little a little 有一点有一点much much 许多许多 a bit of a bit of 有一点有一点a greatg

19、ood deal of a greatgood deal of 许多许多a large amount of a large amount of 许多许多somesome 一些一些 any any 一些、任何一些、任何a lot ofa lot of很多很多 lots oflots of很多很多 all all 全部的全部的 plenty ofplenty of 充足的充足的enough enough 足够的足够的 mostmost 大多数的大多数的hardly any hardly any 几乎没有几乎没有 the rest of the rest of 剩下的剩下的1. _ turn gre

20、en in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993)3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. (上海上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot历年高考试题历

21、年高考试题4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海上海 1996)6. Youll find this map of

22、great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manne

23、r D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海上海 1998)10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海上海 1998)A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all

24、your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海上海 2000) A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can fi

25、nd a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海上海 2001)A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (

26、上海上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海上海 2002)17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. (上海上海 2002) A. force B. energ

27、y C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海上海 2002)19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海上海 2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and eff