第10课-更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读-每课重要知识点-串讲-课文翻译

1、第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好一、（Excerpts）（摘录）1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admit

2、tedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the wor

3、lds poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. l Cause-aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标 原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one tha

4、t deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业） * He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身.在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保

5、守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise

6、on details, doubtless reflecting George Bushs need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitatebeca

7、use of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP) that Europes government agreed to last May. In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more.这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍

8、差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸总协定的协议会将改革进一步深人，因而给他们的利益造成更大损害。3. If it is a small matter to Frances that the Uruguay round should fail, so

9、long as they keep their subsidies, that is understandable. What is shameful is that their government appears to agree with them, even though most of the French economy (including many of the countrys more efficient farmers) would gain handsomely from a successful round. Jean-Pierre Soisson, the farm

10、 minister, has said France may block the ECs acceptance of a new farm-trade deal, and thereby wreck the round. This position is politically alarming as well as economically indefensible. Other EC governments must see off France, and start hailing a gain for liberal trade.如果说对于法国农民来讲，只要能保住他们补贴，乌拉圭回合谈

11、判的失败仅是小事一桩的话，那是可以理解的。令人汗颜的是，虽然法国经济的主体（包括该国有竞争力的农场主在内）会从谈判的成功中获得丰厚的利益，法国政府似乎仍赞同他们的意见。法国农业部长琼·皮埃尔·索思森说，法国政府会阻止欧共体接受这一新的农产品贸易协议，从而破坏乌拉圭回合谈判。这一立场，从政治角度讲，是令人担忧的，从经济角度讲，是站不住脚的。其他欧共体国家的政府必须遏制住法国，然后开始为自由贸易取得进展而欢呼。He carries his heart in his boots 谈判过程令人焦虑4. Disputes over farm trade have bedeviled

12、the current round of GATT talks from the start. That is unsurprising. For decades governments everywhere have suppressed market forces in agriculture with subsidies, tariffs, quotas, monopoly purchasing boards and all the other paraphernalia of mule-headed intervention. No industry in the world has

13、been pushed further, or so needlessly, from the liberal ideal of guiding resources to their best use by means of prices set in markets. On one plausible estimate, consumers in industrial countries pay $300 billion a year in taxes and higher prices to support farming. Even allowing for the income tra

14、nsferred to farmers, the net welfare loss caused by the industrial countries farm policies is $10 billion a year. Distortions on such a scale have given a comparative handful of people every reason to fight to the bitter end for economic lunacy. On October 14th French farmers held another “day of ac

15、tion”blocking roads, planting wheat in awkward places and so forthin protest at the planned reforms.农产品贸易争端从一开始就困扰着这一轮的关贸总协定谈判。这并不足为奇。几十年来，各国政府通过补贴、关税、配额、统购及其相关政策顽固地干预和压制市场力量。世界上没有一种产业曾被迫远离或无谓地偏离这一自由贸易理想，即通过市场定价将资源配置到最能发挥效用的地方。根据一项可靠估计，工业国的消费者每年通过付税和高价的形式支付3,000亿美元以支持农业。即使将转支给农民的这笔收人考虑在内，由工业国的农业政策所引

16、起的财富净损失每年也达到1，000亿美元。经济扭曲的程度如此之大使相当一部分人有充分的理由去为结束这种荒谬的经济行为而奋斗。10月14日，法国农民又举行了“行动日”活动封锁街道、将麦子种在不合理的地方等等，以反对计划中的改革。5. What exactly are those reforms? The benchmark remains the scheme set out by Arthur Dunkel, the GATTs director-general, in 1991.On cereals, where Europe and America have squabbled most

17、fiercely, Mr.Dunkel suggested cuts of 20% in the value of the CAPs production subsidies, 36% in the value of its export subsidies, and 24% in the volume of its subsidized exports. America said it would settle for nothing less. The EC than came up with a new plan to reform the CAP. Its main idea is t

18、o replace some production subsidies with direct payments to farmers; these payments, though not entirely divorced from output, will be semi-detached. The value of the CAPs “subsidies” would therefore fall by enough to meet the Dunkel targets; but output would probably fall by too little to meet the

19、target of a 24% cut in the volume of subsidized exports.改革的具体内容是什么呢？改革的标准和1991年关贸总协议理事长亚瑟·邓克尔提出的方案基本相同。就欧美争论最激烈的谷类产品问题，邓克尔建议，将欧洲共同农业政策规定的生产补贴削减20，其出口补贴削减36，其补贴出口的规模削减24。美国称不会再降低条件。而欧共体提出了一个改革共同农业政策的新方案。其主导思想是：用直接向农民付款的方式来替代生产补贴，虽然这笔钱并未同产量完全脱钩，但将是半脱离性的。由此，共同农业政策所规定的补贴额将下降到邓克尔所提出的目标。但其产量的下降幅度很小，恐

20、怕难以达到削减补贴出口量24的目标。6.America objected to that, and asked whether the proposed “direct payments” were not really production subsidies in disguise. The talks have been snagged on those issues for the past four months. On October 13th , however, agreement on both points moved within reach. Americas nego

21、tiators said that the CAPs new direct payments would not, after all, be regarded as production subsidies. And it seemed that a way could be found to satisfy America on the 24% cut in volumes. Several formulas are under discussion.(One would bind the EC to cut by 21%; another would allow it to cut by

22、 less than 24% in some crops if it cut by more than 24% in others.) Officials on both sides were optimistic that a deal on farming, which would unlock the rest of the round, was within reach.美国表示反对，并质问其提出的“直接付款”是否实际上为变相的生产补贴。在过去的四个月中，谈判一直在这些问题上纠结。但到10月13日，双方基本达成协议。美方谈判代表称，共同农业政策新的直接付款办法毕竟不能视为生产补贴。而且

23、似乎能够找到办法在削减补贴出口量24的问题上满足美国的要求。几种方案正在讨论当中。（一种方案是欧共体必须削减21；另一种方案是如果欧共体在某些产品出口量上削减24以上，则在另外一些产品的削减额上可小于24%）双方官员都持乐观态度，认为农产品协议即将达成，而其将开启本轮谈判的余下部分。7.A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat. Unlike cereals and other farm goods, which the Uruguay round aimed to bring within

24、the GATTs jurisdiction for the first time, oilseeds (which are used for making cooking oil, margarine and animal feed) already fall within it. Twice America has complained to GATT that Europe is in breach of its undertakings; twice GATT has ruled against the EC. America wants the Community to cut it

25、s oilseeds output by nearly half over the next six years. The EC is willing to cut, but not by that much. Here too, the gap between the two sides appears to have narrowed a lot during the past few days.有关油料作物的一场独立而漫长的争论确实仍构成另一威胁。与谷物和其他农产品不同，这些产品是首次进人乌拉圭回合谈判意在纳人关贸总协议的权限范围，而油料作物（用来制作食用油、人造黄油、动物食品）则早已在

26、其管辖之下。美国曾两次向关贸总协议申诉，欧洲违背了其承诺；而关贸总协议也两次裁决欧共体败诉。美国希望欧共体在未来六年内将油料作物产量削减近一半。欧共体愿意削减，但不打算减那么多。在这一问题上，双方的分歧在过去的几天内看来也缩小了很多。8.Governments need to reflect on the broader deal that, because of this progress in the farm-trade talks, has once again moved within their grasp. In 1985, just before the round was l

27、aunched, Americas chief trade negotiator set out the administrations goals for the talks. They were suitably ambitious. On nearly every heading, the round as it now stands has delivered.Reflect on: (on/upon sth) think deeply about, or remind oneself of, past events; consider 沉思或思忆（往事）; 思考: I need ti

28、me to reflect (on your offer/on what you offered). 我需要时间来考虑（你的建议你提出的建议由于在农产品贸易谈判中取得了进展，因此有关政府可以考虑达成更为广泛的协议这些协议再次在其掌握之中了。1985年，就在本回合谈判启动之前，美国首席贸易谈判代表宣布了政府为谈判确定的目标。而那些目标既雄心勃勃，又恰到好处。迄今为止，本轮谈判几乎实现了所有这些目标。9.The draft agreement contains many sensible new rules for global trade (covering, for instance, the

29、 settlement of disputes, the protectionist use of technical standards, anti-dumping measures, subsidies, countervailing duties, government procurement and many other implicit barriers to trade).To promote trade and innovation, it offers new safeguards to owners of intellectual property. It brings tr

30、ade in services into the GATT for the first time, opening new foreign markets to efficient producers of services in America and Europe. Americas ambitious early goals for farm-trade liberalization will not be fully met by the compromise that is now within reach; but even in farming, a half-successfu

31、l round will deliver great benefits. And if this package can be banked, future rounds will be obliged to argue over how much to cut farm protection, not whetheran achievement in itself.l countervail  'kauntveil vt.补偿, 抵销;vi.抵销这一协议草案为全球贸易制定了很多理性的新规则（例如，涉及贸易争端的解决、保护性地使用技术标准、反倾销措施、补贴、反补贴税、政府采购

32、、和许多其他的隐性贸易壁垒）为促进贸易和创新，本协议还为知识产权的拥有者提供了新的保障。它在关贸总协定中第一次引人了服务贸易，这就为欧美一些服务领域的高效供应商打开了全新的海外市场。而这个即将达成的妥协不可能完全实现美国起初制定的雄心勃勃的农产品贸易自由化目标。但是即使在农业方面，一轮成败参半的谈判仍会带来巨大利益。而如果能够达成这一揽子协议，那么未来的多轮谈判将就削减多少农产品补贴进行讨论，而不是是否要削减补贴这本身就是一个成就。10.A recent study of the benefits of a half-successful round concluded that Americ

33、a would gain an annual $35 billion, Japan and Europe nearly $30 billion apiece, and the rest of world about $25 billion: a global gain of roughly $120 billion a year. These estimates are doubly conservative. They understate the effect that trade reform could have on long-term growth (which many econ

34、omists believe to be substantial) and they take account of fewer reforms than the new compromise would include. True, “radical” liberalization would more than double those figures, but that is no reason to sneer at a deal that can be done here and now.最近，一项关于此轮成败参半的贸易谈判的收益研究表明：美国每年将从中获利350亿美元，欧洲和日本每

35、年将各赢利300亿美元，世界其他各国可获利约250亿美元，粗略估计全球范围内共获利1，200亿美元。而这些估计都是相当保守的。他们低估了贸易改革在长期成长上可能造成的影响（而很多经济学家认为这才是实质性的）。同时，他们也对新的妥协方案中可能包括的改革措施考虑较少。不错，极端的自由化措施可能将上面提到的数字翻番，但我们也没有理由去嘲笑眼下可以达成的协议。Gattcha 成败在此一举11.America has shown some flexibility, and Europe should respond. Much of the EC would like to. Germanys will

36、ingness to embrace farm reform enabled the Community to produce its planned reform of the CAP last spring. Germanys role over the next few days will again be crucial, for it must tell France that its threat to block the Uruguay round is intolerable. To carry out that threat, France is likely to need

37、 German support. The Community decides its trade policy by qualified majority vote; France has no straight forward right of veto. Without allies, its only course would be to block the decision by citing “vital national interests”the sort of profoundly un-European thing that Britain might do, but whi

38、ch France would rather not.美国已经表现出了一定程度的灵活性，欧洲也应有所回应才是。欧共体的大部分成员是有这个意愿的。德国表现出来的拥护农业改革的意愿使欧共体能够实行去年春天计划好的对共同农业政策的改革。在今后几天的谈判中，德国的角色又将是至关重要的，她必须告知法国其阻挠乌拉圭回合谈判的威胁是令人不能容忍的。而法国要实施这个威胁则需要德国的支持。欧共体决定她的贸易政策将以投票表决的方式来通过，法国不拥有一票否决权。在没有盟国支持的情况下，法国只有引用“重要国家利益”这一借口来阻挠决议的实施。英国或许会使用这种极度非欧洲化的方式，而法国则不会这样。12.The GATT

39、 saga has dragged on too long already. But it might just have been worth the wait. A good agreement is there for the taking. If governments care for their citizens at large as opposed to noisy lobbies, they will grab it.乌拉圭回合谈判已经拖的太久。但也许它还是值得等待的。一份好的协议就搁在那儿等我们去拿。如果各国政府像对付喧闹的游说者那样认真地关心民生的利益的话，他们会抓住这次

40、机会的。-From The Economist.Oct.17,1992选自1992年10月17日经济学家二、Words and Expressionsadmittedly ad.公认的spur v.促进；激励；鞭策economic growth 促进经济发展hitherto ad.迄今为止squander v.浪费；挥霍make sense 讲得通，有意义；言之有理，合情合理prospect n.预期；展望in prospect 期望中的，展望中的subsidies n.复数的subsidy,津贴；补贴wreck v.破坏；毁坏wreck the economy 破坏经济wreck an ag

41、reement 破坏协议wreck the round 破坏这一回合谈判indefensible a.不可原谅的bedevil v.使困惑；使受挫carry one's heart in one's bo 吓得要命；焦急万分paraphernalia n.复复杂的程序；烦琐的手续mule-headed 顽固的；固执的plausible a.貌似有理的stand v.定然会distortion n.歪曲；曲解lunacy n.疯狂愚蠢的行为；荒谬benchmark n.基准尺度squabble v.（为琐事）争吵settle v.解决争端replace .with v.代替；取代

42、detached a.独立的；分离的disguise n.伪装；掩饰in disguise 化装了的snag v.被缠住；被绊住pose a threat 形成一种威胁jurisdiction n.管辖范围（联合国文件常用词）be in breach of 违反.，与.相违背implicit a.不言明的；含蓄的deliver v.实现apiece v.各个计算；逐一saga n.（口）一长串事件for the taking 供自由拿取三、重点词语解释1.spur: promote2.squandered: wasted3.bedeviled: perplexed4.allowing for:

43、 takinginto consideration5.detached: disconnected6.pose: form7.sensible: reasonable四、英汉互译短语1.GATT: 关税及贸易总协定2.market forces: 市场力量3.countervailing duty: 反补贴税4.intellectual property right: 知识产权5.trade in services: 服务贸易6.Common Agriculture Policy: 共同农业政策1.据保守估计：on a conservative estimate2.形成一种威胁：pose a

44、threat3.经济增长：economic growth4.乌挂圭回合谈判：the Uruguay round talk5.世界贸易组织：the World Trade Organization6.农业保护：farm protection五、重点语句1. differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing.2. spur economic growth 3.its subsidised duction

45、subsidies5.A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat 6.The draft agreement六、课文重点难点段落翻译1.Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more form a succeful round than any other country.But the EC continues to hesitatebecause of France.French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the