土木专业英语教案黎永建上传课件

1、土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Northwest University for Nationalities土木专业英语教案黎永建上传l专业词汇专业词汇l表达方式（句子）表达方式（句子）l专业知识专业知识l提升阅读英文文献能力提升阅读英文文献能力l更高要求：英文更高要求：英文写作写作土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Career:一生的经历；职业一生的经历；职业He is a lawyer by career.Civil 人类社会的，公民的；平民人类社会的，公民的；平民的的Civil rights and civil dutiesCivil law土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Engineering is a

2、 profession(专门职业), which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions( (政府行政区政府行政区) ) also have licensing （许可、准许）procedures which require engineering graduates（工科（工科毕业生）毕业生）to pass an examination, similar to the bar(法庭、律师的职业法庭、律师的职业) examinations

3、 for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers.土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始（从事）他们的事业之前，通过（认证）考试, 这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lSupervision Engineer l 监理工程师监理工程师lMinistry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China lMinistry of Housing and

4、 Urban-Rural Development of the Peoples Republic of China (住房和城乡建设部住房和城乡建设部)lfirst-grade registered construction engineer l 一级建造师一级建造师lRegistered Certificate of Constructor The Peoples Republic of China 简称为 RCCPRC l 国家注册一级建造师证书国家注册一级建造师证书 lCost Engineer l造价工程师造价工程师lStructure Engineer l 结构工程师结构工程师 土木

5、专业英语教案黎永建上传 In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized(emphasized(强调、加强强调、加强) ) throughout the engineering curriculum（课程表）, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches(分支、分支、门类门类) of engineering, so it is greatly

6、stressed（强调、着重（强调、着重）. Stress:压力、压迫压力、压迫; ;Times of stress, of trouble and danger 危难之际应力应力Tension stress; compression stressStress-strain diagram大学里, 工科课程中着重强调数学、物理, 和化学,尤其在最初的二到三年。在工科所有分支中，数学非常重要, 因此它很受重视。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering（集合

7、）, classifying（分类）, and using numerical（数学的、数字的） data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics（统计数学） is probability（概率论）, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables（变量）, that can change the results of a problem. 今天, 数学包括统计学中的课程，主要

8、涉及集合, 分类, 和使用数字数据, 或信息。统计学中的一个重要分支是概率论，统计学中的一个重要分支是概率论，当存在着可以改变问题结果的多个不同的因素或变量时，当存在着可以改变问题结果的多个不同的因素或变量时，它将论及可能发生什么情况。它将论及可能发生什么情况。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Before the construction（施工（施工） of a bridge is undertaken（着手、开始（着手、开始）, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic（交通量（交通量）（省略了which）

9、the bridge will be expected to handle. 例如，在承担桥梁的建设之前, 运用统计研究来预计未来桥梁期望承受的交通量. 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations（基础）, impact（冲击力）, the effects of different wind forces（风力）, and many other factors must be considered.在桥梁的设计中，必须考虑(各种)变量的作用，如作用在基

10、础上的水压, 碰撞, 不同的风力的作用, 以及许多其它因素。Load of bridgeDead load-weight of bridgeLive load-vehicle person compact of vehiclewind forces water pressure temperature occasional load- earthquake Compact of ship or floating things土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lHangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge (36Km)lmonitor of bridge healthy 1995，eart

11、hquake in Japan土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Because a great deal of calculation is involved in （涉及）solving these problems, computer programming（计算机编程） is now included in almost all engineering curricula（课程表）. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy（精确） t

12、han a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions（指令） and informationin other words, a good program. 由于解决这些问题涉及大量的计算, 现在几乎所有工科课程中都包括计算机编程。当然,计算机能比人类以更快的速度和准确性解决许多问题。但如果不给计算机准确清楚的指令和信息，换句话说，即使是一个好程序，它也是无用的。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 In spite of the heavy empha

13、sis on technical subjects（技术科目） in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language art. The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer; it is sufficient（足够的、充分的）, therefore, to say again that the work perf

14、ormed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of（意识到）. 虽然，在工科课程中，对技术科目着重强调，但当前的趋势还是要求学生学习社会科学和语言艺术的课程。工程和社会间的关系变得更加紧密; 因此,再一次充分说明, 工程师应该意识到他应该意识到他负责（承担）的工程在许多不同而重要的方面影响社会。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Sui dynasty （A.D.605618）The twelfth milestone in history

15、of the international civil engineering土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive（有说服力的）. An engineer engaged in （参加）research will need to be able to write up（整理） his or her findings for scientific

16、publications（科学刊物）. 工程师也需要一种很肯定（自信）语言表达方式来准备报告，这个报告要清楚明了，且在多数情况下, 是令人信服的。参与研究的工程师要能为科学出版物详细描述他或她的发现。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 The last two years of an engineering program include subjects（学科） within the students field of specialization（专业）. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer（土木工程师）, the

17、se specialized courses （专业课）may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying(大地测量学), soil mechanics（土力学）, or hydraulics（水利学）. 最后两年的工科课程计划包括学生专业领域的学科。为准备使学生成为一名土木工程师, 这些专业课程可能会涉及诸如大地测量、土力学，或水力学等方面。Road constructional materialsSubgrade and pavement engineeringRoad surveying and designBridge engineeri

18、ngTunnel engineering土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Active recruiting（招聘） for engineers often begins before the students last year in the university. Many different corporations（股份有（股份有限）公司）限）公司）and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years. In the science-oriented （注重科学）society

19、of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. 大学生在校的最后一年之前，招聘工程师的工作就已经开始了。近年大学生在校的最后一年之前，招聘工程师的工作就已经开始了。近年来，许多不同的企业和政府机构为工程师招聘服务展开竞争。来，许多不同的企业和政府机构为工程师招聘服务展开竞争。今天在今天在这个重视科学技术的社会中，受过技术训练的人当然是受欢迎的。这个重视科学技术的社会中，受过技术训练的人当然是受欢迎的。Orient: orientate vt.使(建筑物)朝向东方；使认清形势 adj.东方的 the

20、orient sun(朝阳)土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Young engineers may choose to go into environmental（环境的） or sanitary（卫生的） engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings（就业机会）; or they may choose construction firms that specialize in（专攻、专门研究） highway（公路） work; or they may prefer to （喜欢

21、）work with one of the government agencies deals with water resources. Indeed, the choice is large and varied. 年轻工程师也许选择进入环境或卫生工程领域工作, 例如, 在环境问题方面创造的许多就业机会; 或他们也许选择专门的高速公路工程的建筑公司; 或他们也许喜欢与政府机构当中处理水资源的机构之一共事。的确, 就业的选择多种多样。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the

22、theoretical(理论的) knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably be assigned（分配、指派） at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, on-the-job(在现场的) training can be acquired that will demonstrate（证明、演示） his or her ability to translate theory into practice to th

23、e supervisors（主管者、负责人）.当年轻工程师最终开始了真正的实践, 必须要运用大学中所学到的理论知识。最初，他或她可能会被分配到与工程队中，与他们合作。这样可以得到现场的培训，可以使负责人了解这样可以得到现场的培训，可以使负责人了解他（她）将理论转化为实践的能力。他（她）将理论转化为实践的能力。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 The civil engineers may work in research, design, construction supervision（施工管理、监理）, maintenance（养护、维修）, or even in sales or manage

24、ment. Each of these areas involves different duties, different emphases, and different uses of the engineers knowledge and experience.土木工程师可能在研究、设计、施工管理、养护或者甚至销售或管理单位工作。每一个工作领域都涉及不同的职责，不同的着重点以及运用不同的工程理论和经验。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lconstruction firms that specialize in highwaylDesign institute (Anhui Comunicati

25、ons Consulting and Design Institute)lProject managementl Anhui Provincial Comunications Investment Group Co.,LTD.lAnhui Expressway holding Group Co.,LTD.lPrivate enterpriselscientific research （University, scientific research institute ）lSales( new materials ,equipment)土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Research is one

26、of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed（投资于） by government or industry.研究是科学和工程实践当中最重要的一个方面。研究员通常作为一个团队的成员与其它科学家和工程师一起合作。他或

27、她经常受雇于政府或企业提供经费的实验室。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization（加固、稳定） techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials（建筑材料）.与土木工程相关的研究领域包括土力学和土壤加固技术, 并且还包括新结构材料的开发和实验。Lime stabilization soil石灰稳定土Lime mod

28、ified soil石灰改善土土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Cement stabilization soil水泥稳定土Cement bound granular materials水泥稳定碎石Asphalt pavement with semi-rigid base course土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problem and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to ea

29、ch project even before design work begins. 土木工程项目几乎是唯一（独一）的; 就是说，每个工程有它自己的难题和设计特点。所以, 在设计工作开始以前，要仔细的研究每个项目。Tongling-tangkou freeway174Km，8.15billion 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传The study includes a survey（测量、调查） both of topographical（地形的） and subsoil（地基土、天然地基） features of the proposed site. It also includes a cons

30、ideration of possible alternatives（比选方案）, such as concrete gravity dam（水泥混凝土重力坝） or earth-fill embankment dam（填土路堤坝）.研究包括勘测工程位置的地形和地基特点。它还包括考虑可能的比选方案, 譬如混凝土重力式坝或填土的土石坝。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed（称重量、估计、重视）. Today, a study usu

31、ally includes a consideration of the environmental impact （环境影响）of project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors（测量员）, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies（可行性研究）.与每个可能的比选方案有关的经济因素也必须斟酌。今天

32、, 研究通常包括项目环境影响的考虑。通常很多工程师通常很多工程师组成小组来完成可行性研究，小组中组成小组来完成可行性研究，小组中 包括测量员、土力包括测量员、土力学专家、施工和设计方面的专家。学专家、施工和设计方面的专家。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Many civil engineers, among them the top people（顶尖人物） in field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal pr

33、actice for an engineer to specialize in（成为专家、专攻、专门研究） just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants（顾问、专家） to architectural（建筑的） or construction（施工） firms. 许多土木工程师在设计领域工作,他们中的许多人是这个行业的佼佼者。正如我们所见，土木工程师研究许多不同的结构, 因此对工程师来说，专门研究一类结构是通常的做法（一般的惯例）。在建筑设计中, 工程师经常作为建筑或结构公司的顾问。土木专

34、业英语教案黎永建上传 Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated（使平等、使协调） by a system engineer who is in charge of （负责）the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines（学科、科目）学科、科目） are involved.水坝、桥梁、给水系统, 和其它大项

35、目通常聘用几位系统工程师（总工程师） ，他们的工作是协助负责整个项目。在许多情况下, 也需要（涉及）其它学科的工程师。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 In a dam project, for example, electrical（电器的） and mechanical（机械的） engineers work on the design of the powerhouse(发电厂、动力间) and its equipment.例如,在水坝项目中, 电子和机械工程师负责发电站及其设备的设计。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传In other cases, civil engineers are assig

36、ned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads（发射台） and rocket storage facilities（火箭库）.在其它情况下, 土木工程师被分配到其它领域的项目上工作; 例如,在空间项目中, 需要土木工程师设计和施工诸如发射台和火箭存贮设施这样的结构。 土木专业英语教案黎永建

37、上传 Construction is a complicated（复杂的） process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling（安排、计划） the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs (造价)are kept as low as possible.在几乎所有土木工程项目中，施工是复杂的过程。它包括项目的进度安排和设备的使用以及材料，以便使得造价尽可能降低。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Safety factors must

38、 also be taken into account（考虑）, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase（施工阶段）.必须考虑安全因素，因为施工很危险。许多土木工程师因此专门研究施工阶段。2008.11.15，subway in Hangzhou 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 了解现代建筑和建筑材料的发展史 了解常用建筑及建筑材料的性能、优缺点 熟悉各种建筑及建筑材料的词汇 熟悉科技类文献常用句型 熟悉develop的

39、多种用法土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Many great buildings built in earlier ages are still in existence and in use. Among them are the Pantheon (潘提翁神庙)and the Colosseum（罗马大斗兽（罗马大斗兽场）场） in Rome，Hagia Sophia（圣索菲亚教堂）（圣索菲亚教堂） in Istanbul（伊斯坦布尔）（伊斯坦布尔）；the Gothic（哥特式的、尖拱（哥特式的、尖拱式的）式的） churches of France and England，and the

40、Renaissance（再生、复兴） cathedrals（教堂），with their great domes(圆屋顶、穹顶圆屋顶、穹顶)，like the Duomo（大教堂） in Florence and St. Peters in Rome. 许多伟大的建筑很早就修建了，现在仍然还存在并在使用中。在他们之中就包括希腊的帕提侬神庙和罗马的角斗场，伊斯坦布尔的圣索非亚教堂; 法国和英国哥特式教会, 和有着宏伟圆顶的文艺复兴时期大教堂,如佛罗伦萨的中央寺院和罗马的圣彼得大教堂。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lAncient Greek architecture stylelAncient Ro

41、me architecture stylelByzantine architecture stylelGothic architecture style土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Acropolis of Athens 5th century B.C HarmoniousPerfectlofty边城土木专业英语教案黎永建上传B.C. 120-124古罗马建筑一般以厚实的砖石墙、半圆形拱券、逐层挑出的门框装饰和交叉拱顶结构为主要特点。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传A.D.7280ancient Rome土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lA.D.395lByzantine Byzantine archite

42、cture style特点：屋顶普遍使用“穹窿顶”；整体造型中心突出；色彩的使用上，内部空间与外部立面显得灿烂夺目。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传the Notre Dame Cathedral A.D.1163-1320哥特式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国，1315世纪流行于欧洲。主要见于天主教堂。特点：尖塔高耸、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传Kelong in German土木专业英语教案黎永建上传A.D.1506-1626Renaissance cathedrals 。 Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano 土木专业英

43、语教案黎永建上传They are massive（块状的、结实的） structures with thick stone walls that counteract（抵抗、抵消） the thrust（推力、侧向压力） of theirgreat weight. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts.他们是使用厚重石头墙体来抵消他们巨大自重的巨型结构。轴向压力来自于结构的其它部份对它的传导。轴向压力是由结构的其它部份施加的。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 These great

44、buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. They were constructed instead on the basis of experience and observation，often as the result of trial（尝试、试验） and error.这些伟大的建筑不是数学和物理知识的产物,而是根据经验和观察建造的, 经常是不断摸索的产物。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传One of the reasons they have survived is because of

45、 the great strength（强度）（强度） that was built into them-strength greater than necessary in most cases.他们依然存在的原因之一是由于具备高强度，它们被修建得能承受很大的强度，在许多情况下大于它们需要的强度。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传l But the engineers of earlier times also had their failure. In Rome，for example，most of the people lived in insula（建筑群、群屋）（建筑群、群屋），great

46、 tenement（公寓）（公寓） blocks that were often ten stories high. Many of them were poorly constructed and some times collapsed（倒塌）（倒塌） with considerable（大量的、相当的）（大量的、相当的） loss of life.但更早时期的工程师也有过失败。例如,在罗马, 大多数人民居住在公寓里, 大的经济公寓经常有十层楼高。许多修建得很拙劣且有时倒塌造成了了相当大的财产或生命损失。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Today, however, the engineer

47、has the advantage not only of empirical（完全根据经验的, 经验主义的） information, but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance（提前，预先）. When a modern engineer plans a structure, he takes into account （考虑、注意）the total weight of all its component materials. This is known as th

48、e dead load（恒载）（恒载）, which is the weight of the structure itself.然而，今天工程师不仅有经验信息的优势，而且还有科学数据，允许他在事先进行仔细的计算。当现代工程师设计一个结构时，他要考虑所有组成材料的总重量。这就是所说的恒载，它是结构自身的重量。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传He must also consider the live load（动载）, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture（家具、器具）（家具、器具）, machines, and so on that the s

49、tructure will support when it is in use. In structures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic, he must consider the impact（冲击力）（冲击力）, the force at which the live load will be exerted(施加施加) on the structure. He must also determine the safety factor（安全系数）, that is, an additional capa

50、bility to make the structure stronger than the combination of the three other factors. 他也必须考虑动载，也就是结构物在使用期间所承受的他也必须考虑动载，也就是结构物在使用期间所承受的人群荷载、车辆、器具、机械等的重量。人群荷载、车辆、器具、机械等的重量。结构，比如桥梁将要承受高速的汽车通行（行使），他必须考虑冲力力，这个力是活载作用在结构上的。他必须确定安全系数，也就是高于这三种力综合作用的他必须确定安全系数，也就是高于这三种力综合作用的富余强度。富余强度。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传The modern e

51、ngineer must also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject（使遭受、使经历）. These include the opposite forces of compression（受压） and tension（受拉）. In compression the material is pressed（压、压迫（压、压迫） or pushed together; in tension the material is pulled apart （撕开）or s

52、tretched（展开、拉长）, like a rubber band（橡（橡胶带）胶带）.现代工程师还要知道结构中材料承受的不同的力。这些力包括压力和拉力这对互反的力。受压时，材料受到挤压或是被推倒一起；受拉时，材料就像橡皮圈一样被撕开或是被拉长。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lIn the Fig.2.1, the top surface is concave（凹形的）, or bent inward, and the material in it is in compression. The bottom surface is convex(凸形的), or bent outward, an

53、d the material in it is in tension. 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lWhen a saw(锯) cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is in tension（受拉）, but when the saw begins to bind（夹住）, the wood is in compression because the fibers in it are being pushed together.当用锯毫不费力地锯开一块木头时，木头是受拉的，而当锯当用锯毫不费力地锯开一块木头时，木头是受拉的，而当锯开始被夹

54、住时，木头是受压的，因为木头的纤维被挤到一起开始被夹住时，木头是受压的，因为木头的纤维被挤到一起了。了。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 In addition to tension and compression, another force is at work, namely shear（剪切力）, which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracture（破裂、断裂） along the lines of stress. 除了拉力和压力以外，还有另一种力作用于结构上，也就是剪力，我们定义使材料趋于沿着力的作用线断裂的力为剪力。土木专

55、业英语教案黎永建上传The shear might occur in a vertical plane（平面）, but it also might run along the horizontal axis （水平轴）of the beam（梁）（梁）, the neutral plane(中性面、中和面), where there is neither tension nor compression.剪力可能在垂直面作用，但是也有可能沿着梁的水平轴，既不受拉也不受压的中性轴。作用。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 Altogether, three forces can act on a st

56、ructure: verticalthose that act up or down; horizontalthose that act sideways(向侧的); and those that act upon it with a rotating（旋转） or turning （翻转）motion. Forces that act at an angel are a combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to

57、be stationary(固定的、静止的) or stable（稳定的）, these forces must be kept in balance. 总之，这三个力会作用在结构上：竖直的-那些向上或向下作用的力；水平的那些向一侧作用的力；以及那些使旋转或转动的作用力。以一个角度作用的力是水平力和竖向力的合力。因为由土木工程师设计的结构要固定或者稳定，这些力必须保持平衡。 土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lThe vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, t

58、he beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance（抵消） that weight.例如，竖向力必须相互平衡。如果一片梁要支撑作用在其上的荷载，梁自身必须要有足够的强度来平衡这个重量。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传lThe horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the stru

59、cture around must be countered（反对、反抗（反对、反抗） with forces that pull in the opposite direction.l水平力也必须相互平衡以使得没有向左或向右的太大推力。以及那些可能使结构转动的力必须和相反方向转动的力相平衡。土木专业英语教案黎永建上传 One of the most spectacular（引人瞩目的、壮观的） engineering failures of modern times, the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, was the res

60、ult of not considering the last of these factors carefully enough. 现代最为轰动一时的工程事故之一：1940年的Tacoma Narrows大桥，就是因为对这些因素的最后一个因素：扭转考虑的不够仔细而导致的结果。 桥梁史上最有名的事故之一。美国华盛顿州Tacoma Narrows大桥倒塌的录像。这次事故令桥梁的设计规范重新修改，风力和共振分析成为桥梁设计必不可少的一部分。 这次事故之所以有名，还在于大桥的倒塌过程被人录了下来。当时有一对新人正在桥头举行婚礼，摄影师本来是去拍喜庆场面的，不想却记录了一座大桥的末日。大桥在风中扭动的