间脑-端脑-脑神经

1、Forebrain diencephalon telencephalonMidbrainHindbrainDiencephalonEpithalamusDorsal thalamusVentral or subthalamusHypothalamusMetathalumusDorsal thalamus (thalamus) an ovoid nuclear mass borders the third ventricle anterior pole forming the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen posterior

2、 pole - pulvinarThe brachium of the superior colliculus medial geniculate body lateral geniculate bodySuperior surface stria terminalis thalamostriate vein body of the caudate nuclei external medullary lamina thalamusreticular nucleus posterior limb of the internal capsulemedial surface interthalami

3、c adhesion, 1cm hypothalamic sulcus Structure of the thalamusInternal medullary lamina Vertical Y-shaped sheet anterior nuclei medial nuclei dorsal and ventral lateral nuclei ventral nuclei medial geniculate body,lateral geniculate body intralaminar nuclei midline nuclei reticular nuclieAnterior nuc

4、leiMammillothalamic tractHippocampal formationfornixmamillary nuclei mamillothalamic tractanterio nuclei of thalamus thalamocortial pathways anterior limbic area, parahipocampal gyrus, corpus callosum, cingulate gyrusregulation of alertness, get information, attention and encoding memoriesMedial nuc

5、leimediodorsal nucleuspiriform and adjacent cortexamygdala, pallidummedial nucleianterior and medial prefrontal cortexolfactory inputLateral nucleus Ventral nucleus Ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nuclear complex ventral posterior nucleus dorsal nucleus lateral dorsal nucleus lateral poster

6、ior nucleus pulvinarVentral anterior nucleus substantia nigrafrontal cortex Ventral lateral nucleus globus pallidus premotor cortex cerebellar nuclei spinothalamic tract vestibular nucleiVentral posterior nucleus ventral posterior lateral nucleus medial lemniscus spinothalamic pathway postcentral gy

7、rus ventral posterior medial nucleus trigeminal pathway postcentral gyrusMedial genuculate bodySuperior quadrigeminal brachiumSpiral ganglion cochlear nerveCochlear nucleiTrapezoid body superior olivary nuclei-lateral lemniscus-inferior colliculus-inferior quadigeminal brachium-medial geniculate bod

8、y-transvers superior temporal gyrusLateral genuculate nucleus nasal half of each retina optic nerve (I ) optic chiasma contralateral optic tracttemporal half of each retina opitc nerve(I) optic chiasma ipsilateral optic tract-superior colliculus-superior quadrigeminal brachiumlateral geniculate nucl

9、eus, superior colliculus, pretectal areaposterior limb of internal capsule optic radiationoccipital cortex in the banks of the calcarine sulcus (area 17)Hypothalamus lamina terminalis vertical plane posterior to the mammillary body hypothalamic sulcus base of the brain beneath the 3rd ventricleOptic

10、 chiasmtuber cinereumtuberal eminenceinfundibular stalkmamillary bodiesposterior perforated substanceDivision and nuclei chiasmatic (supraotic) region tuberal region posterior (mammillary) region periventricular zone intermediate (medial) zone lateral zoneMammillary body nucleiParaventricular nuclei

11、Supraoptic nuclei antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopression oxytocinConnetions of the hypothalamus visceral and somatic sensory systems visual and olfactory sensory systems brainstem, thalamus, limbic structure and neocortex neuroendocrine connetions of the hypo-thalamus with the pituitary glandFun

12、ctions of the hypothalamusbiological rhythmesleep-wake cycleregulation of plasma osmotic pressuretemperature regulationregulation of the cardiovascular systemregulation of food intake and metabolismreproduction response to stressTelencephalonIn earlier vertebrates:Olfactory lobe piriform lobe - pala

13、eopalliumBasal nuclei (early motor centre)Hippocampal formation - archipalliumNeopalium Lateral ventricleSurfaces of the cerebrum Superolateral surface Medial surface Inferior surfaceSuperomedial borderInferolateral borderMedial occipital borderMedial orbital borderFrontal poleOccipital pole Preocci

14、pital incisureTemporal poleGyri or convolutions (2200 cm2)Sulci or fissure Longitudinal cerebral fissureSuperolateral cerebral surfaceLateral sulcus (Stem, Ant. Post. Asc. Ramus) conducts the middle cerebral vesselsCentral sulcus (70o ,2cm)Frontal lobe central sulcus superomedial border lateral sulc

15、usPrecentral sulcus precentral gyrus (areas 4,6)Superior frontal sulcus superior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus (area 8)Inferior frontal sulcus inferior frontal gyrus (areas 44,45)Pars obitalisPars triagularisPars opercularisTemporal lobe Lateral sulcus Preoccipital incisure, parietooccipital su

16、lcus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus auditory (area 22)2.Middle temporal gyrus3.Inferior temporal gyrus4.Transvers temporal gyrus (area 41,42) (circular sulcus)Parietal lobeCentral sulcusPreoccipital incisure, parieto-occipital sulcusLateral sulcus Postcentr

17、al sulcus areas 3,1,2 Intraparietal sulcusPostcentral gyrus (areas 3,1,2)Posterior areaSuperior parietal gyrusIntraparietal sulcusInferior parietal gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus (area 39, visual )Occipital lobePreoccipital incisure, parieto-occipital sulcusTransverse occipital sulcusLatera

18、l occipital sulcusSuperior occipital gyrusInferior occipital gyrusInsulaDeep in the floor of the lateral sulcusCircular sulcusOpercula of the insula(frontal, parietal, temporal)Limen insulaeShort gyriLong gyrigustationMedial cerebral surfaceCorpus callosum rostrum genu trunk spleniumCingulate sulcus

19、Medial frontal gyrusParacentral gyrus (areas 4, 3,1,2)Cingulate gyrusParieto-occipital sulcusCalcarine sulcus (area 17)Cuneate gyrusInferior cerebral surfaceOrbital region olfactory sulcus gyrus rectus “H” sulcus anterior obital gyrus medial obital gyrus posterior obital gyrus1. lateral obital gyrus

20、Collateral sulcusOccipitotemporal sulcusLingual gyrusParahipocampal gyrusUncus (olfactory area)Medial occipitotemporal gyrusLateral occipitotemporal gyrusLimbic lobeSubcallosal gyrusCingulate gyrusParahippocampal gyrusHippocampusDentate gyruVisceral brainLimbic system Limbic lobe Associated subcorti

21、cal nuclei Amygdala Septum area Hypothalamus Habenula Anterior thalamic nucleiHippocampal formationDentate gyrusHippocampus proper (cornus ammonis, Ammons horn) CA1, CA2, CA3Stratum oriens (始层）Stratum pyramidalis（锥体细胞层）Stratum lucidum（透明层）Stratum radiatum（辐射层）Stratum lacunsum-moleculare（腔隙分子层）Papez

22、closed circuit parahippocampus hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior thalamus N. cingulate gyri parahippocampus emotion, learn, memorizeCerebral cortex Molecular layer External granular layer External Pyramidal layer Internal granular layer Ganglionic layer (internal pyramidal layer)6.Multi

23、form layerThe main cortical areaParietal lobePrimary somatosensory cortex (SI) (Area 3,1,2) postcentral gyrusPosterior paracentral gyrus Secondary somatosensory cortex (SII)Inferior postcentral gyrusVisual speech area - angular gyrus (area 39)Secondary speech area (Wernicke area)Occipital lobePrimar

24、y visual cortex (area 17)Upper and lower of Calcarine sulcusCuneate gyrus and lingual gyrus Temporal lobePrimary auditory cortex (area 41)Secondary auditory cortex (area 42)Transverse temporal gyrusAuditory speech area (area 22)Superior temporal gyrusFrontal lobePrimary motor cortex (MI) area (4,6)P

25、recentral motor gyrusPremotor gyrusMotor speech area (area 44,45)Inferior frontal lobe (Brocas gyrus)Writing area (area 8)Middle frontal lobeBasal nuclei Corpus striatum Clautrum Amygdaloid complex1. Corpus striatumLentiform nucleiGlobus pallidus (pallidum)putamen Caudate nucleiDorsal divisionVentra

26、l divisionCaudate nuclei Head Body tailClautrumExternal capsuleLentiform nuclei Distorted tetrahedral prism External medullary lamina Internal medullary laminaLateral and medial segmentsArterial blood supplyLenticulostriate vessleCerebral haemorrhageRoot of middle & anterior cerebral arteriesAnt

27、erior limbMuch of posterior limbAmygdaloid complexNerve fascicles of the cerebrum Association (arcuate) fibres Projection fibres Commissural fibresAssociation (arcuate) fibresConfined to one hemisphere and all ipsilateral Short arcuate fibres Long arcuate fibresLong arcuate fibresUncinate fasicuclus

28、CingulumSuperior longitudinal fasiculusInferior longitudinal fasiculusProjection fibresCorticofugal and corticopetalCorona radiataInternal capsul Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Retrolentiform1.sublentiformAnterior limbFrontopontineThalamocortical fibresGenuCorticonuclera fibresPosterior limb Cort

29、icospinal tract Corticorubral fibres Thalamocortical fibresRetrolentiform partParietopontineOccipitopontinePosterior thalamic radiationOptic radiationSublentiform part Temporopontine Acoustic radiationCorpus callosumRostrum(frontal forceps)GenuTrunkSplenium(occipital forceps)Anterior commissureHippo

30、campal commissureSupraoptic decussation=I Olfactory II Optic III oculomotorI 嗅 II视 III动眼-IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI AdbucensIV滑 V叉 VI外展-VII Facial VIII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossopharyngeal VII面 VIII听 IX舌咽-X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal 迷、 副、 舌下神经全=Cranial nerveThe motor fibresCorticonuclear

31、 fibresBilateral: The motor nuclei of the trigemialThe Facial (upper facial muscles) nucleusThe nucleus ambiguusThe spinal accessory nucleusThe oculomotorThe trochlearThe abducens nucleiContralateral :The facial (lower facial muscles) N.The hypoglossal The accessory (the trapezius motor N.)The senso

32、ry fibresGanglionPeripheral sensory organsEye, nose and earNuclei of terminationI Olfactory nervesOlfactory cellOlfactory mucosaSuperior nasal conchaThe opposite part of the nasal septumPlexiform networkAbout 20 branchesTraverse the cribriform plateDura mater & pia-arachnoid - nasal periosteumNa

33、sal mucosa tissue space - subarachnoid spaceOlfactory bulbOlfactory tractPrimary olfactory cortical area:Anterior olfactory nucleus, AmygdalaPiriform, entorhinal cortexAnosmiaCerebrospinal rhinorrhoeaII Optic nerveRetinal ganglionic neuronsOptic discOptic nerve (4cm long, 1,200,000 axon)92%1micro(25

34、m/sec),other 2-10micro(60m/sec)Optic canalOptic chiasmaIntraocular, orbital, intrcanalicular, intracranial partEffects fibresIII Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nucleusAccessory nucleusOculomotor nerveinterpeduncular fossa (6-15 rootlets)Pierces cavernous sinusReceives internal carotid sympathetic plexus

35、 Ophthalmic division of the trigeminalSuperior orbital fissure Superior ramus-Rectus superior, Levator palpebrae superiorInferior ramus- Rectus medialis; 2. Rectus inferior; 3. obliquus inferior -Preganglionic fibres-Ciliary ganglion-Short ciliary nerves-Sphincter pupillae, ciliarisCiliary ganglionS

36、mall, flat reddish-gray (1-2mm)Between the optic nerve and the rectus lateralisPeripheral parasympathetic ganglion Sympathetic root Internal carotid plexusPass through the ganglionBlood vessels of the eyeballDilator pupillae 2. Sensory rootRamus communicans of the nasociliary nerve(ophthalmic divisi

37、on of trigeminal)Receives eyeball sensationPass throuth the ciliary ganglion3. Short ciliary nerves root Accessory oculomotorPreganglionic fibresSynapse in the ciliary ganglionShort ciliary nerveSphincter pupilaeciliarisIV trochlear nerveTrochlear nucleusPassing laterally throuth the tegmentCurving

38、dorsally round the aqueductInto the anterior medullary velumDecussationRound the cerebral pedunclePasses forwards in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinusSuperior orbital fissureOrbitSuperior oblique muscleV Trigeminal nerve1. Trigeminal motor nucleus (motor)7,7002. Principal sensory nucleus (touc

39、h) (Pontine trigeminal nucleus)3. Spinal trigeminal nucleus (pain,temp.) sensory root (170,000)1. Sensory root (large)Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglionnear the apex of the petrousTemporal bone -pons2. Motor root (small)Sensory fibre -cross the midline-ascend in the trigeminal lemniscus-contralateral t

40、halamic nucleus ventralis posterior medialis-cortical postcentral gyrus(area 3,1,2) Ophthalmic nerve 26,000 Maxillary 50,000 Mandibular 78,0001. Scalp, the teeth, the oral and nasal cavities, the dura mater.2. Masticatory muscles, anterior belly of digastic, mylohyoidOphthalmic nerve (sensory)Antero

41、medial end trigeminal ganglionPassing forwards cavernous sinusSuperior orbital fissureJust before entering orbit Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Nasociliary nerveJoin from internal carotid sympathetic plexus and oculomotor, trochlear abducent nervesEyeball, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, part of nasal mu

42、cosa, skin of the nose, EyelidsForehead and part of the scalpLacrimal nerve Smallest branches Through the lateral part of superior orbital fissure Runs with the lacrimal artery Receiving a twig from the zygomaticotemporal branch (V2) lacrimal secretion nerve (from facial)Frontal nerveThe largest bra

43、nchSuperior orbital fissureProcceds between the lavator palpebrae superioris and the periosteumSupratrochlear nerve (supraorbital foramen)Skin of the upper eyelid, conjunctivaSupraorbital nerveSkin of the forehead, the upper eyelid, conjunctivaMucosa of the frontal sinus, pericranium3. Frontal branc

44、hNasociliary nerve Crosses the optic nerve Below the rectus superior1. Anterior ethmoidal nerve2. Posterior ethmoidal nerveEthmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses3. Infratrochlear nerveEyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, skin of the nose 4. Long ciliary nerves run with short ciliary nerve 5. connects cilia

45、ry ganglion Ciliary body, iris, corneaMaxillary nerve (sensory) Passes the cavernous sinus Traverse foramen rotundum Into pterygopalatine fossa Pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion Process of the inferior orbital fissureBranches of the maxillary nerveIn the cranial cavity 1 MeningealIn the pter

46、ygopalatine fossa 2 Ganglionic 3 Zygomatic 1 Posterior superior alveolarIn the infraorbital canal 2 Middle superior alveolar 3 Anterior superior alveolarOn the face 1 Palpebral 2 Nasal 3 Superior labial Meningeal nerveDura mater in the middle cranial fossaTwo ganglionic branches -pterygopalatine gan

47、glion -lacrimal secretion, mucosa of the nose, palate and pharynx sensory 1 Zygomaticotemporal nerve Parasympathetic postganglionic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve) 2 Zygomaticofacial nerveTemple and zygomatic skinZygomatic nerve S

48、uperior alveolar (dental) nerves Posterior Infraorbital nerve Infraorbital canal, foramen Middle AnteriorMolar teeth, premolar teeth, incisor, canineMucosa of the maxillary sinusUpper gumLower eyelids, upper lip, cheek, nasal alaPterygopalatine ganglion Deeply in the pterygopalatine fossa Connected

49、functionally with the facial nerveMotor (parasympathetic) rootSympathetic rootSensory root Parasympathetic root salivary nucleus-facial neve-Greater petrosal branch Deep petrosal nerveNerve of the pterygoid canal (preganglionic)Zygomatic branch (Max. N) (postganglionic)Zygomaticotemporal nerveLacrim

50、al nerve (Ophth. N) lacrimal gangland (secret)Sympathetic rootThe nerve of the pterygoid canalPostganglionic fibresSuperior cervical ganglion Sensory root pterygopalatine nerve (Max N.) Orbital branchPalatine nerveNasal branche1. Pharyngeal nervePalatine nerveGreater palatine nerveGreater palatine c

51、analThe gums, mucosa and glands of the palatineInferior nasal concha, middle and inferior meatusesLesser palatine nerveUvula, tonsil and soft palateLargest trigeminal divisionTrigeminal ganglionThe foramen ovaleDeeply lateral pterygoid muscleAnterior trunk (small)Posterior trunk (large)Mandibular ne

52、rve Meningeal branchDura mater in the middle cranial fossaPart of the anterior fossa Nerve of the medial pterygoid (motor)Pass through otic ganglionTensor tympani, tensor veli palatineAnterior trunk1. Buccal nerve (sensory)Skin over the buccinator buccal mucous membrance2. Masseteric nerve (motor)Ma

53、sseter, temporomandibular joint3. Deep temporal nerve (motor)Muscle of the temporalis4. Nerve of the lateral pterygoid (motor)Posterior trunk Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual never1.Inferior alveolar (dental) nerve1. Auriculotemporal nerveTwo roots encirculing the middle meningeal arteryUnder the late

54、ral pterygoidBehind the temporomandibular jointSuperficial temporal vesselsSkin of temporal region and parotid glandOtic ganglionParasympathetic root Preganglionic fibres Tympanic branch of Glosso- pharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerve Postganglionic fibres Auriculotemporal nerve-parotid gl

55、andSympathetic root meningeal middle artery plexusMotor root meningeal branch Tensor tympani, tensor veli palatineSensory root parotid branch2. Lingual nerve Runs between tensor veli palatini and lateral pterygoid Joined by chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve Surface of medial pterygoid Medial

56、 surface of the mandibular ramus mucosa of the presulcal part of the tongue Mucosa of the floor of the mouth, Lingual gingivae, Mucosa of the anterior two-thirds(presulcal part) of the tongueSubmandibular gland and sublingual gland(glossopharyngeal nerve)3. Inferior alveolar (dental) nerveDescends m

57、edial to the lateral pterygoidMandibular foramenMandibular canalplexiformMental foramenMental nerveLower lip and chinMylohyoid branch (before entering the mandibular canal) Mylohyoid ,anterior belly of digastric Trigeminal neuralgia Enigmatic, paroxysmal pain Teeth and gums of the mandible, Skin in

58、the temporal region, part of the auricle(External meatus and tympanum), The low lip, the lower part of the face, Mucosa of the anterior two-thirds (presulcal part) of the tongue The mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity Muscle of the masticationVI Abducent nerveAbducent nucleusBeneath the facialis

59、colliculusIn the ventrolateral sulcusThe medial longutudinal fasciculus, conneting it to oculomotor and trochlear nuclei and to the vestibular nucleiCourse ventrally, laterally and caudallyPassing through the pontine tegmentTo emerge at the caudal border of the ponsThrough the cisterna pontis along

60、the clivusPierces the dura materMedial to the trigeminal nerveFibro-osseous canalTraverses the cavernous sinusMedial end of the superior orbital fissureWithin the annulus of ZinnOrbitBetween the superior and inferior division of the oculomotor nerve the Lateral rectus VII Facial nerveMotor nucleus Facial n