英语单词的结构

1、英语单词的结构什么是词？词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。就其句法功能来说，词可以分为功能词(functionword)和实义词(contentword)两类。功能词指的是没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词，包括、等。实义词指的是本身有完整词汇意义的词，包括英语单词是由字母拼写而成的，可以由一个字母组成一个单词，如，也可以由45个字母组成一个单词，如：(n.肺尘病)。英语单词的内部结构也不尽相同，让我们来分析以下三组词：1. book,books,bookish,bookcase2. tolerate,toleranee,tolerant,toleration,tolerab

2、le,intolerable3. telephone,telegram,telescope,telecommunication在第一组词里，book可以再分吗？在第二组词中，tolerateanceationablein第三组例词中都有一个共同成分,意思是，-phone有声音的意思，如microphone;-gram往往表示书写或描绘出来的东西，如telegram;-scope表示"观察的仪器，镜”，女口microscope.从上面的分析可以看出，如果撇出能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是最小的有语义的单位，语言中最小的“语音和语义的结合体”称为"词素”(morpheme)。上

3、述三组词中，除了book外，都是由两个或两个以上的词素组成的。什么是词素？二、派生Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise,aside,aloneen-使可能enrich,enable,enslavedis-dissatisfy,dishonest,disappear,disorder,disagreeun-unable,unknown,uncommon,uncomfortable,unfair,unclose,undress,uncover,untieinim-ir-il-不，非inactive,incapable,inpatient,incorrectimpossible,i

4、mpersonal,impolite,immature,impracticalirregular,irresponsibleillogical,non-不，非nonexistent,non-inteferenee,non-conductor,non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散），defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze,anti-fascistmis-misdoings,misunderstand,misfortunererewrite,remarry,reunite,recycle,co-共同co-exist,co-operate,co-

5、educationex以前的Ex-husband,ex-presidenttele:远程telephone,telegraph,telescopesuper-supermarket,superpower,under-underline,underestimate,underground,inter-:相互，之间international,interact,inter-changesub-下，次subtitle,submarine,subconscious,subcontinent,trans-过，穿过，变transformation（变形）,translatevice-:副vice-premi

6、er,vice-presidentsemi-:半semifinal,semicircle,semi-automaticbi两个bicycle,biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形，tricycle三轮脚踏车，triplets三胞胎multi-:多，多种multiply,multi-national,multi-coloured，multiculturalkilo-千kilometre,kilogram后缀后缀例词名词-er-essprincess,-or-arbeggar-eseChinese,Portuguese,Japanese-ianmusician,Egyptia

7、n,physician-istcommunist,socialist,-ent/-antassistant-mentargument,iudgment,government-nesshappiness,greatness,illness,coldness,sleeplessness-tion-ingbuilding,wedding,painting-shipleadership,friendship,hardship-ageshortage,marriage,leakage-tyloyalty,cruelty,penalty,sixty,twenty,thirty,certainty-thtr

8、uth,warmth,length,growth,fifteenth,fourth-anceacceptanee,assistanee,relianee,appearanee-encedependence,confidenee,referenee,entrance,defenee-fulmouthful,handful,plateful,-alrefusal,denial,arrival-ydifficulty,possibility,-domfreedom,wisdom,kingdom-ismsocialism,materialism注意：-ese,-ian,-ist既可以构成名词，又可以构

9、成形容词-er构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例词形容词-aleentral,industrial,national,natural-anEuropean,American,Australian-erneastern,northern,southern-ablereasonable,horrible,terrible,believable,comfortable,forgettable,sensible-fulcareful,cheerful,grateful,faithful,-ishchildish,Swedish,selfish-ivedestructive,collecti

10、ve,active,creative,effective-ythirsty,dirty,windy,sunny,cloudy,healthy,funny-lesscareless,hopeless,helpless,homeless,sleepless,fearless,limitless-engolden,wooden,woolen-ouscourageous,famous,eontinuous,serious,various-aryimaginary,revolutionary,secondary-icrealistic,historic,poetic-sometroublesome,bu

11、rdensome,1onesome,handsome-likechildlike,womanlike,manlike-antignorant,significant,observant,important-entdiligent,silent,excellent,frequent-lylively,friendly,lovely,weekly,brotherly,motherly-ishchildish,foolish后缀例词动词-izerealize,modernize,mechanize,criticize,-enwiden,strengthen,lengthen,sharpen,wide

12、n,shorten,quicken,deepen-fySimplify,beautify,terrify,后缀例词副-ward(s)forward,northward,backward,downward词-lyslowly,quickly,carefully,loudly,happily,friendlyMatchtherightwordsfromtherightcolumnwiththewordsontheleft.()1.enrich()2.semicircle()3.troublesome()4.sharpen()5.job-hunting()6.limitless()7.imagina

13、tive()8.defrostA. tryingtofindjobsB. remove,getridofice,frostC. of,having,usingimaginationD. makeorbecomesharpE. halfacircleF. causingtroubleG. makerich,improveinquality,flavour,etc.H. withoutlimitUsetheappropriateformofthewordstofillintheblanks.1. Themotherdidn'knowwhyherdaughterwascrying.(nois

14、e)2. Hewasoneofthebestinyesterda#footballmatch.(play)3. Look!HowKateislaughing!(happy)4. Itsnowedlastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.(heavy)5. Edisonwasagreat.Duringhislifehehadmany.(invent)6. MoreandmorehavecometovisitChinaovertheseyears.(foreign)7. Wewantreasonsforyourfailuretohelp.(satisf

15、y)8. Pleasegivemesomereferencework.Itwillmytask.(simple)9. Theboyhadtheofbeinghalfstarved.(appear)11. ThedoctorsaidthatMary'smotherneededan.(operate)12. Shehopedthathersonwouldbecomea.(music)13. Fewwordsmadeusexcited.(speak)14. Thedaysonthemoongethotterthanwater.(boil)15. Thankyouforyour.(kind)16. Manycollegestudentsworkwhiletheyarestudyingbecausetheywanttomakesomem