linguisticslecture1

1、Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级1Introduction to LinguisticsTeaching Plan 2015-2016 2nd SemesterIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级2“LAW” youd better observe:Law #1: attend the class punctually, no mercy to absence without excuse. Law #2: consult me if yo

2、u have questions, please do it during the class. In other words, you should share the solution with the remain audience. Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级3Law # 3: no cell phone bugging in class, please shut it down before class. Law # 4: no eating and chewing in class, it is

3、not the way gentleman or young lady behave. Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级4Welcome to our Course: Introduction to LinguisticsCourse Name: Introduction to English LinguisticsTime & Place: MondaysPeriods (3,4)Week (1-16) Rm. 216 1st Teaching BuildingIntroduction to Lingui

4、stics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级5Contact information My Name: 段改军 My Tel:E-mail: Office place: Rm. 403 Foreign Languages & Humanities Building Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday AfternoonIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级6The Main Teaching Material 新编简明英语语言学教

5、程，戴炜栋编著，上海外语教育出版社， 2010 第二版Reference Books1语言研究作者：George Yule2语言学作者：H.G.WiddowsonIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级73语言本能作者：Steven Pinker4应用语言学入门编者：Nobert SchmittIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级8Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级9Ot

6、her Reference Books1. An Introduction to Linguistics，Stuart C. Poole，北京：外语，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，教学与研究出版社，19992. The Linguistics of Speech, Kretzschmar, William A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.3.语言学教程语言学教程, 胡壮麟，刘润清，北京：胡壮麟，刘润清，北京： 北大出版社，北大出版社，2001.4. 现代语言学现代语言学，何兆熊等，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，何兆熊等，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，

7、19985. 英语语言学导论英语语言学导论， 文秋芳，文秋芳， 江苏教育出版社，江苏教育出版社，19956. 新编语言学教程新编语言学教程，刘润清，文旭，北京，刘润清，文旭，北京:外语教学与研究出版外语教学与研究出版社，社，20067. 语言学基础教程语言学基础教程，苗兴伟，北京：北京大学出版社，苗兴伟，北京：北京大学出版社, 2010Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级10主要资料信息源主要资料信息源 语言学杂志语言学杂志（Journal of Linguistics） 语言学网站：语言学网站： http:www.l

8、/ http: http:/ http:/ www. logos. it/language-today 互联网英文网站互联网英文网站Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级11Language and Linguistics Links What is linguistics anyway? FAQs/staff/e/j/ejp10/lingland/faqling.html Introduction to Linguistics course

9、syllabus andnotes on Fromkins Introduction to Language.tw/karchung/Intro_to_ling/Intro_to_ling_syllabus.htmGlottopedia, the free encyclopedia of linguistics/What is linguistics?http:/www.ling.lu.se/persons/Joost/Texts/lingvistik.html Introduction to Lin

10、guistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级12Introduction to LinguisticsFrom now on, you will set up a new page adding to your whole process of language learningIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级13Types of languagesAbout 7000 natural languages (including dialects) Among them: Latin F

11、rench English And others: lingual francas 混杂语 artificial language 人工语 Esperanto 世界语 Genetic classification of languages七大语系是什么seven language families印欧语系闪含语系阿尔泰语系乌拉尔语系高加索语系汉藏语系德拉维达语系Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级14Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级15 T

12、he Indo-European family Celtic Italic (Latin) Germanic 印欧语系日耳曼语族印欧语系日耳曼语族从左至右：苏格兰（苏格兰语）英格兰（英语）海伦芬（荷兰的一个省，说弗里斯兰语据说是跟英语最近的语言然而并没有人懂）荷兰（荷兰语）德国（德语）丹麦（丹麦语）挪威（挪威语）瑞典（瑞典语）冰岛（冰岛语，带着维京头盔，虽然说维京人从来没带过这种两只角的头盔.）法罗群岛（法罗语，属丹麦。）Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级16Introduction to Linguistics 2

13、015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级17Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级18Language and Linguistics: an OverviewLanguage: indispensable to human beingsLinguistics: the scientific study of language Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级19Properties of Language Nature?Lan

14、guage is a natural ability of human beings Language is innate or mental mechanism Nurture?Language is a nurtured ability of human beingsLearning ability must be taughtIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级20Why linguistics? A required course for the English major, one of the requir

15、ed specialist courses on the MOE English major course list; A better understanding of language, from various perspectives; A better trained mind, from doing a systematic science.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级21How to learn? Participation Reading and understanding textbook D

16、oing exercises and assignments Developing the ability of logical thinkingIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级22Difficulty Taught in English Textbook written in English Demanding content Terminology Theoretical thinking System of knowledgeIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd

17、Semester 2013级23What do linguists do? They dont necessarily “learn languages” Linguist and 語言學語言學 are confusing terms They are often interested in the structure of languages. They might specialize in a group of language compare different language study features shared by all languageIntroduction to

18、Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级24What do Linguists study? what people actually say not what they “should” say!What do linguists agree on?Language is uniquely human.2. Language is a system of rules.3. Language is creative.4. Language is social.5. Language changes.6. Language are related.7. T

19、here are no primitive language.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级25Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级26Introduction to English LinguisticsCourse Description: Linguistics is the systematic or scientific inquiry into human language into its structures and us

20、es, as well as into the development and acquisition of language. Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级27Introduction to Linguistics Unlike language courses you may have taken before, we will not concentrate on any specific language, but rather examine the general principles that u

21、nderlie human language: how sounds combine into words; how words combine into sentences.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级28Introduction to Linguistics In order to explore the phenomena of language, this course will first focus on some sub-fields of linguistics, such as phoneti

22、cs, phonology, morphology, and syntax, etc. With the basic principles of these sub-fields, you will have some ideas about how linguists analyze the structures of language.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级29Teaching Method Instructors Lectures Class DiscussionsIntroduction to L

23、inguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级30Evaluationo Attendance and class participation 10%o Quizzes 20%o Homework 10%o Mid-term exam 30%o Final term paper 30%Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级31教学目标 英语语言学概论英语语言学概论课是英语专业（本科）的一课是英语专业（本科）的一门专业限选课。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌门专业限选课。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌

24、握英语语言学的基本理论和基础知识，增强学握英语语言学的基本理论和基础知识，增强学生对语言的本质特征和语言学习过程的主要特生对语言的本质特征和语言学习过程的主要特点的了解，促进学生语言能力和文化素养的提点的了解，促进学生语言能力和文化素养的提高，提高学生学习和运用英语的效率。英语语高，提高学生学习和运用英语的效率。英语语言学概论是高等院校英语本科学生必修课程之言学概论是高等院校英语本科学生必修课程之一。一。 Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级32教学目标 本课程主要向学生介绍语言学领域的重要研究本课程主要向学生介绍语言

25、学领域的重要研究成果，包括语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、成果，包括语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学的基本理论以及语言与文化、社会、思语用学的基本理论以及语言与文化、社会、思维等的关系。本课程的学习宗旨在于帮助英语维等的关系。本课程的学习宗旨在于帮助英语专业学生了解现代语言学的基本理论及研究成专业学生了解现代语言学的基本理论及研究成果，掌握语言研究的方法和艺术，使其开阔眼果，掌握语言研究的方法和艺术，使其开阔眼界，理解现代语言学的丰富内容，语言学理论界，理解现代语言学的丰富内容，语言学理论对外语教学与研究的指导意义。对外语教学与研究的指导意义。 Introduction to Lingu

26、istics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级33教学目标 同时还要培养学生进行同时还要培养学生进行语言研究的能力语言研究的能力,指导部指导部分有兴趣的同学对英语语分有兴趣的同学对英语语言学进行更深层次的研究，言学进行更深层次的研究，帮助他们为撰写语言学领帮助他们为撰写语言学领域的学士论文打下坚实的域的学士论文打下坚实的基础。基础。Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级34考试方法与作业方式考试方法与作业方式考试方法与形式考试方法与形式: 闭卷，笔试（期中） 期末论文作业方式作业方式: 为达到本课

27、程的教学为达到本课程的教学基本要求，每一章都基本要求，每一章都有课外作业。作业形有课外作业。作业形式为书面作业或口头式为书面作业或口头讨论。讨论。Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级35成绩核算成绩核算 平时出勤：平时出勤： 10% 平时测验：平时测验： 20% 课后作业：课后作业： 10%期中考试：期中考试： 30% 期末论文：期末论文： 30%Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级3625 Unbelievable Things You Di

28、dnt Know About Language and LinguisticsIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级37Chapter 1 IntroductionIntroduction1.1 What Is Linguistics?Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级381.1.1 Definition Linguistics is the scientific study of language or the science of lang

29、uage.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级39The object of Linguistics: language in generalThe method of learning Linguistics: systematic investigationIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级40The Significance of Learning LinguisticsTrue or false?English is more dif

30、ficult to learn than Chinese.Children learn their native language efficiently and without introduction. Black English is not standard and should be reformed.Language operates by rules.Language slowly changes.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级41The Significance of Learning Lingu

31、isticsEnglish is more difficult to learn than Chinese. FChildren learn their native language efficiently and without introduction. TBlack English is not standard and should be reformed. FLanguage operates by rules. TLanguage slowly changes. TIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级42

32、Consider the questions? 1. 一个人如果没有有一个人如果没有有关某一语言的语言学关某一语言的语言学知识，她知识，她/他能够流利他能够流利地讲这一语言吗？地讲这一语言吗？ 答：可以。答：可以。 姚明是因为具有了投姚明是因为具有了投栏和运球等运动力学栏和运球等运动力学知识，所以才成为知识，所以才成为NBA明星的明星的? 答：应该不是。答：应该不是。Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级431.1.2 The Scope of LinguisticsThe different linguistic st

33、rata (layers)PhoneticsPhonologySounds GrammarMorphologySyntaxMeaningSemanticsPragmaticsSome Interdisciplinary Branches of LinguisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsApplied LinguisticsCognitive LinguidticsIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级44Introduction to Linguistics 2015-201

34、6 2nd Semester 2013级45语言可以分为哪些层次？语言可以分为哪些层次？ Sound phonetics Sounds phonology Word morphology Words/sentence syntax Meaning semantics Meaning in a context pragmaticsIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级46A Specific Example我觉得这个教室太热我觉得这个教室太热! - Phonetics A standard way to express t

35、his phonetically: I feel that the classroom is very hot.aifi:l they are IPA(音标音标) including vowels(元音元音) and consonants(辅音辅音) Another way, using Hanyu Pinyinwo3 jue2 de5 zhe4 ge5 jiao4 shi4 tai4 re4. Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级47我觉得这个教室太热我觉得这个教室太热! Phonetics(语音学语音学) In p

36、honetics terms, this utterance contains vowels (like i: a: ) and consonants (like st)Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级48我我觉觉得得这个这个教室太教室太热热! morphology(形态学形态学) A morpheme词素词素 is the smallest unit of meaning 教教 and 室室 have meanings (although 室室 is not normally used independently

37、 as a word) so, 教教 and 室室 are morphemes and they can be put together to form a word: 教室教室 If the utterance had been 我我们觉们觉得得 we would say that 我我们们has two morphemes, 我我 and 们们 is called a plural morphemeIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级49我我觉觉得得这个这个教室太教室太热热! - syntax句法学句法学 We c

38、an also say 这个这个教室教室,我我觉觉得太得太热热! I dont think we can really say *我把我把这个这个教室教室觉觉得太得太热热, because it sounds very strange And we certainly cant say something like *我我觉觉得太得太热这个热这个教室教室, although we might understand it if someone said it But if someone said *教室教室这个这个,太太热觉热觉得我得我, we would probably have no i

39、dea what they were talking about This is because of syntactic rules governing Mandarin.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级50我我觉觉得得这个这个教室太教室太热热!Semantics语义学语义学 You can choose different words, and get more or less the same meaning Like 好好热热, or 非常非常热热, or热热得不得了得不得了 But some lexica

40、l (words) choices are not available: 我我觉觉得得 这这(*位位)教室太教室太热热 我我觉觉得得这个这个教室太教室太(*烫烫) This is because the classifier 位 selects a human noun And because烫烫 modifies substances like liquids, not spaces like roomsIntroduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级51我我觉觉得得这个这个教室太教室太热热!Pragmatics语用学语用学 我

41、觉得这个教室太热我觉得这个教室太热! Is it only a comment on the temperature? Or does it really mean something like Please can you turn the air-conditioning on? In English, Im not sure can mean No And 我可能不去我可能不去 generally means “Im not going” Pragmatics tells us to look beyond the sentence to find the real meaning.Introduction to Linguistics 2015-2016 2nd Semester 2013级521.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive vs. Prescriptive If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive(描写性的描写性