大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)上课讲义

1、学英语语言学练习题（考试必考题）精品文档1. Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.2. Clear1anddark?areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeicomplementar

2、ydistribution.(P24)3. Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(P32)4. Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicelessorvoiced,whileavlowelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)5. Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperativeprincipleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)6. Lan

3、guageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.(P4)7. Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)8. XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNPt

4、heboywholikesthispuppy'consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)9.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.(P70)11. Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsas

5、howthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.(P70)12. Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(P70)13. Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombin

6、edintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.(P70)14. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.(P15)16. Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpret

7、ationofmeaning.(P70)18. Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P70)19. Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.(P15)21. Syntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.(P70)

8、22. Thenountear"andtheverbtear"arehomonymy.(P70)23. Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.(P70)24. Themodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.(P70)25. Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedby

9、acommunityofspeakerwhjpeirolecontrastedwithlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.(P70)26. Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconcept(P70)27. H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowanbroadtranscription.(P70)28. Inth

10、ecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.(P70)29. Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.(P70)30. Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeorhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.(P70)II.Directions:Decidewhethereachofth

11、efollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(T)1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.(T)2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesn

12、ativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.(T)3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.(T)4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.(F

13、)5.Thecompoundwordreading-room"istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.(T)6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.(T)7.InEnglish

14、,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.(T)8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethebestauthorsfo

15、rlanguageusage.(T)9.Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.(T)10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.(T)11.Therelationshipof",flowveolet,"rose"and“tulip"ishyponymy.(F)12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbeco

16、mbinedtoformcompounds.(sunrise)(T)13.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.(F)14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.(F)15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespecial

17、lyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.(F)16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactiallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmindeyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.(F)17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexamples,oodmorning!”canberestoredtoIwishyouagoodmorning.

18、”(T)18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.(F)19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,"competence'istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.(F)20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.(F)21.Allthegram

19、maticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.(T)22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.(F)23.An川ocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.(T)24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(T)25.Thewritingsyst

20、emofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday'sworldthatcan0blytbotspotem.(F)26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.(F)27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.(T)28.Conve

21、rsationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.(F)29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,i.e.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunicatio

22、ni.e.betweenspeakersofthesameculturalbackground.(T)30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.III.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.1. diachroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistorica

23、llinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.2. synchroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespearstime.3. LanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

24、.4. contextContextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.5. blendingAprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.E.g.smog-smoke+fog.6. referenceReferenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandtherealit

25、y.7. broadtranscriptionBroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.8. aminimalpairApairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,e.g./pit/and/bit/.9. hom

26、onymyHomonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.eg.night/knight;leadv./leadn.;fastadj./fastv.10. hyponymyItreferstomeaninginclusiveness,thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.e.g.Therelationshipof”,flo

27、wviolet,"rose"and“tulip”ishyponymy.11. culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransm

28、itted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.12. allophonesAllophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.13. morphologyMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14. dualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsof

29、structures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.15. pragmaticsItreferstothestudyoflanguageinuse.16. boundmorphemeThemorphemesthatdonotoccuralone.17. arbitrarinessTheformso

30、flinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.18. syntaxSyntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1. Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?(P86-87)AccordingtoGrice,therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:1) Themaximofquantity1) Makeyourcon

31、tributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).2) Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.8) Themaximofquality1) Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2) Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.9) ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.10) Themaximofmanner11) Avoidobscurityof

32、expression.12) Avoidambiguity.13) Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).14) Beorderly.2. Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?(P79)Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,whilethemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsenten

33、cemeaning,anditistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.3. HowisSaussuresdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomskydistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?Whatdotheydiffer?(P4-5)1) Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyall

34、themembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2) BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesyst

35、emandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinkswhatlinguistshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetetaskoflinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytherulesoflanguage.3) TwolinguistsdifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,whileCh

36、omskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.4. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?(P5-6)A. Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptiveB. Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.C. Linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelangua

37、gesintoaLatin-basedframework.5. WhatisthespeechacttheoryadvancedbyJohnAustin?(P80-81)Speechacttheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage,whichwasoriginatedwithJohnAustinandaimstoanswerthequestionatdo'wehdowhenusinglanguage.First,hemadeadistinctionbeween“constatives述事话语)and"per

38、formatives彳T事话语).Lateron,hesetupanothermodeltoexplainthewayactswereperformedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:thatis,Thelocutionaryact(言内彳T为)-anactofsayingsomething,i.e.anactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.The川ocutionaryact(言外行为)-anactofexpressingthespeakgsintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Theperlocutionaryact(言后彳T为)-anactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.6. Analyzeth