余劲草英语课件unit2下

1、English Reading and TranslationJincao YU2Sports in Society Unit 2 5. For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know lit

2、tle about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. To be continued .Without dangerous jumps, nave spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or

3、 controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going bey

4、ond them. 6. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, th

5、e people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “show-time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. To be continued .This dose not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain

6、 spectator who dont know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.7. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuri

7、es, playing with pain and courage. Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be

8、 included in skating programs. To be continued .These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seems to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audi

9、ences and generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.8. Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.

10、When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of g

11、eneral managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.9. The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all th

12、ese people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. To be continued .The power to affect these decisions

13、is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being. Similarly, those who are more entertained by triple and q

14、uadruple jumps (Para. 5)1) one: 拉丁前缀拉丁前缀 uni-: unique 独一无二的独一无二的 uniform 制服制服 希腊前缀希腊前缀 mono-：monologue 独白独白 e.g.: unisexual, unicycle; momomania, monoplane2) two: 拉丁前缀拉丁前缀 bi- ：bilingual 双语的双语的 bilateral 双边双边 希腊前缀希腊前缀 di- ：dioxide 二氧化物二氧化物 disyllable 双音节双音节词词 e.g.:biform; binaural; dichromatic; dich

15、loride. More to do3) three: 拉丁拉丁/ /希腊前缀希腊前缀 tri- ：e.g. triangle 三角形三角形 tricycle 三轮车三轮车4) four: 拉丁前缀拉丁前缀 quadr-：e.g. quadrangle 四边形四边形 quadruple 四倍四倍 希腊前缀希腊前缀 tetra- ：e.g. tetragon 四边形四边形 tetrahedron 四面体四面体 5) five: 拉丁前缀拉丁前缀 quint- ：e.g. quintuple 五倍五倍 quintet 五重奏五重奏 希腊前缀希腊前缀 pent- ：e.g. pentagon 五角大

16、楼五角大楼 pentathlon 五项全能五项全能routine n.1) the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do 常规常规e.g. Officials at the exchange said yesterday that its current investigation was a matter of routine. 交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。2) a set of movements, jokes etc that f

17、orm part of a performance 舞蹈等表演的成套动作舞蹈等表演的成套动作 e.g. a dance routine 一套舞蹈动作一套舞蹈动作 e.g. free routines , technical routinesMore to doroutine adj. e.g. 常规手术常规手术 _ _ 定期保养定期保养_ 例行手续例行手续 _ routine: adj. In accord with established procedure; regular; ordinaryroutine operationroutine maintenanceroutine proce

18、dureThey like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas(Para 5)project: v. to make other people have a particular idea about you; to present or promote a particular view of imagee.g. Kirk doesnt realize how arrogant an image he projects. Lang is trying to project himself as a progressi

19、ve politician.More to dopersona, personal, personnel1.Its said that his visit is purely _.2.All the managerial _ at the factory are hired on contract.persona: The role that one assumes or displays in public or society; ones public image or personality, as distinguished from the inner self 表面形象表面形象；t

20、he characters in a dramatic or literary work 人物角色人物角色personnel: the body of persons employed by or active in an organization, business, or service 人员人员,全体人员全体人员,人事部人事部personnelpersonalMore to do They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in te

21、rms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。 他他们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。比赛。Comprehension CheckCan you find in the essay a proof to the statement in Paragraph 6 “a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthet

22、ic orientation to a heroic orientation”? What does the author mean?Example: triple and quadruple jumps instead of routines carefully choreographed and practiced in figure skating. Answer: Mass audience prefer to watch athletes surpass their physical limits, no matter what the personal cost is.This d

23、oes not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that . (Para 6)take a back seat to : to have less influence or importance e.g. His desire to see Rome had to take a back seat when he discovered his son was ill in England. e.g

24、. 在我们买新花瓶的时候，价格要让位于质量。在我们买新花瓶的时候，价格要让位于质量。 Price will have to take a back seat to quality when we buy a new vase.More to doThis does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who dont know enough

25、to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.这并不意味着美学倾向不复存在了，但这确实意味着与这并不意味着美学倾向不复存在了，但这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比，它们常常退居其后。英雄主义行为英雄主义行为相比，它们常常退居其后。英雄主义行为吸引着那些没有足够的知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技吸引着那些没有足够的知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众术的观众As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on

26、 heroic orientations. （Para 7)取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。As the need to please nave audiences grows, increasingly more emphasis is placed on heroic orientations of athletes. , some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be incl

27、uded in skating programs.call for: to ask strongly and publicly for sth to happen in order to change a situation. . 呼吁呼吁e.g. Kelly introduced a bill calling for nationwide health insurance.e.g. The proposal calls for greater supervision of the financial system.Free to talkDo you support that the num

28、ber of triple jumps included in skating programs should be restricted? Why or why not? Share your opinion with the class.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, (Para 7) ethic: (n.) a general idea or belief that influences peoples behavior and attit

29、udes 伦理，道德体系伦理，道德体系e.g. People still believe in the traditional work ethic and we are fortunate they do. ethnic: adj. relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, linguistic, and certain other traits in common种族的种族的, , 部落的部落的, , 民族的民族的; ;某文化群体的某文化群体的, , 具有民具有民族特色的族特色的, ,

30、异国风味的异国风味的 e.g. ethnic minoritiesAncestors of the Zhuang ethnic group had a frog as a totem.More to doethical: (adj.) 1) relating to principles of what is right and wrong 有关道德的有关道德的e.g. The use of animals in scientific tests raises difficult ethical questions2) morally correct 合乎道德的合乎道德的 e.g. It wou

31、ld not be ethical for me, as a doctor, to talk to you about my patients.More to do ethic ethical ethnic Only 19 percent of the respondents gave lawyers high marks for maintaining honest and _ standards.2) To me, so much of it comes back to the work _ and commitment.3) Employers cannot discriminate o

32、n the basis of racial or _ background.ethicalethicethnicThese conditions come uner the control of general managers, and publicity staff (Para 8)publicity: n.the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc. 公众的注意公众的注意 e.g. Standards in education have received much publici

33、ty over the last few years.e.g. The publicity for the book was poor and sales were low.2) the business of making sure that people know about a new product, film etc or what a particular famous person is doing 宣传，广告宣传，广告since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people. (Para 9)

34、coordinate: v. to organize people or things so that they work together well. 协调协调e.g. The red cross is coordinating relief aid to the refugees.e.g. Japanese officials meanwhile said they were working with China and South Korea to set up a forum to coordinate financial market supervision.日本官员同时表示日本官员

35、同时表示, ,他们正与中国和韩国合作他们正与中国和韩国合作, ,建立一个建立一个协调金融市场监督的论坛。协调金融市场监督的论坛。 The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources,(Para 9)be grounded in: to be based on sthe.g. The group is committed to environmental policies that are grounded in science.Professor Yang is well grounded in s

36、ociology.e.g.如果是一封抗议信，这个抗议要讲道理，不是凭感情。如果是一封抗议信，这个抗议要讲道理，不是凭感情。 If it is a letter of protest, the protest should be grounded in reason, not emotion. . athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision making processes (Para 9) cut out of: to stop sb/sth from being part of sthe.g.

37、The spokesman announced that the news was cut out of whole cloth. e.g.她四个孙辈中有两人完全被排除在了遗嘱之外。她四个孙辈中有两人完全被排除在了遗嘱之外。Two of her four grandchildren were cut out of her will entirely. What are the changes in sports that are associated with commercialization?A. Changes in the format and goals of sports. Sports have _ their basic format and goals. e.g. _ _maintainedThe basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before.More to doWhat are the changes in sports that are associated with com