12研讨会课件：2012预测1(完形填空 )

1、1-完形填空专题完形填空专题2 完形填空又叫完形程序。这一测试方法1953年由威尔逊泰勒创设。它是一种测试读者预测预测和理解理解不完整的语言信息的能力的方法。 3 高考中它常常以记叙文为主，或者是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，常常以故事形式出现，从小故事中引出做人或做事的道理，文章难度低于阅读理解题中的短文。它的字数在230-280左右。456完形填空命题规律和特点 Who Perspective What Theme/Topic When Time Where Scene How whyClue 7 完形填空的解题过程就是对语篇缺失进行推测的过程。它迫使受测者阅读全文，迫使他们利用语言中的多余信息猜测

2、意思，理解句子，弄清句子和句子之间的关系，弄懂全文。 为了答好题，受测者必须努力从字里行间寻找能够利用的线索，例如书写和形态变化线索，词汇线索，句法线索，社会文化线索，上下文线索，根据有关线索进行猜测，作出合理的推断。 如果仅以句子为单位进行分析、解题，那等同于肢解一个完整而连续的语篇，是做不下去的。而以语篇为单位进行分析、解读，从语境、衔接、语义连贯这几个方面来考虑则非常有利于完形填空的解题。8语篇 语言学家哈里斯(Harris)指出“: 语言并非是语言并非是一些杂乱无章的词句，而是由连贯的篇章一些杂乱无章的词句，而是由连贯的篇章形式表现出来的形式表现出来的”。 9语篇的七项标准 衔接性、连

3、贯性、意图性、可接受性、语境性、信息性和互文性。10语篇的重要条件 衔接衔接是篇章的有形网络，它通过词汇词汇和语语法法手段使语篇内句与句之间在概念上有联系，在排列上符合逻辑，让语句文理通顺。 连贯连贯是篇章的无形网络，句子连贯是指句中的成分之间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系，句子的表述思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。 11 衔接衔接是篇章中连接词与词，一种表达方式与其他表达方式等表面关系的网络。 连贯连贯是一种蕴涵于篇章中的概念关系网络。 12 连贯的衔接手段分为两类: 显性的(或表层上的)衔接 隐性的(或深层上的)衔接 13 显性衔接主要指那些通过语法、词汇实现连贯的衔接手段。在理解文章的连贯时，

4、只须通过明显的衔接手段作为向导，不需要任何间接搭桥。 五种衔接手段(词汇、照应、替代、省略、连接) 时态，语态的一致、音系衔接、句子嵌套和排列顺序等等。 14 A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always lived in the best company, whether it be of books or of

5、men.15 Their heads and breasts were covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beards like goats, and a long ridge of hair down their backs and the fore - part s of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodies were bare, so that I might see their skins, which of a brown

6、 buff color . (J.Swift: Gullivers Travels)16 Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to slave.17 隐性衔接则指通过合理的逻辑推理或语言使用者的文化背景知识等实现连贯的衔接手段。在理解文章的连贯时.没有明显的衔接手段作为向导。必须通过合理的搭桥(逻辑推理，背景知识，想象等等作为手段)。隐性衔接主要包括: 语境、逻辑推理、世界知识、共有知识、联想和想像等等。 18 A. Theres the do

7、orbell. B. Im in the bath.19 A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef? B: The dog is looking very happy. 20完形填空解题技巧 词汇衔接 语篇连贯21词汇衔接 词汇衔接是语篇中两个或多个成分之间所存在的逻辑语义关系,这些词汇常以复现和搭配等形式出现,构成一个衔接的语义整体,从而促成语篇的连贯。英语语篇是一个句子之间相互衔接、语义相互关联的多个衔接链组成的统一连贯的整体。作为语篇建构的一种重要机制,词汇衔接对于语篇组织、语篇连贯具有重要作用。 22语篇连贯 语篇并不是将一个个主题

8、互不相关的句子拼凑在一起,而是关于同一主题的短语或句子组成的有意义的连贯的整体。也就是说,语篇具有统一性和连贯性。这就是衔接的特性使语篇中的各句“粘合”在一起,形成一个有机的整体。23 I bought a Ford. A car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days

9、. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.24完形填空完形填空【语篇衔接与连贯语篇衔接与连贯】显性显性5多多词汇词汇重复重复36(science)38(guess)43(woman)52(wrong)同近同近49(beginning)上下上下46(eye) 53(tool)概括概括 the only thing搭配搭配40(correct)41(learned)照应照应人称人称He 44 himself (saw)指示指示it was 52比较比较从句

10、从句the 46, which省略省略39(listening to)替代替代连接连接But; and; however隐性隐性语境语境37(marched)47(methods)推理推理42(trust)48(hear)50(believed)51(truth)54(frightened)55(dropped)世界世界(常识、领域常识、领域)共有共有(口语语篇口语语篇)联想联想45(voyage)25词汇复现 There is a boy climbing that tree. The boys going to fall if he doesnt care. The lads going

11、to fall if he doesnt take care. The childs going to fall if he doesnt take care. The idiots going to fall if he doesnt take care.26 This is a fine hall you have here. I am proud to be lecturing in it. （照应） This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer one.（替代） This is a fine hall

12、you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer. （省略）27照应 语篇中某一成分和另一成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释的关系，它可以使语篇在结构上更加紧凑，从而使语篇成为前后衔接的整体。28人称照应 The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 .He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease

13、, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. （2010全国新课标）29指示照应 指示代词：this, these, that, those 定冠词：the 指示性副词：here, there, now, then30指示代词：this, these, that, those Rereading the letter, I was 31 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions, These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my order

14、 brother but 33 he no longer had them. (2010课标卷) Thats why Im so 39 to be a part of Career Fables. com. Over the years Ive come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as one of my values. (2009全国2)31指示性副词：here, there, now, then He told me that she had been 44 there for a while an

15、d that she had a special disease, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was ,that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. 32比较照应 “Well, Ill try it; if I dont like it I can always go back to my 33 earlier position. ” (2009全国2) A more embarrass

16、ing（尴尬）situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the _30_ of the head pushes the arm off the_31_, and the movement carries the_32_ of the body along. The worst time to fall asleep is when _34_ . (2011全国2)33 The 29 nearest garage to the office was about 100 yards away and we got t

17、here 30 . （2007全国2）34替代种类 One, ones, the same, so Do, do so So, not352009全国2 One of my fathers favorite sayings as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldnt say I didnt like 21 , whatever it might be, 22 I tried it. Over the years Ive come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as

18、 one of my values. My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（职业）. 36 I remember how 43 happy I was when I saw the tray stand near the tables; it looked different from the one I was 44 trained onIt had nice handles, which made it 45 easier

19、to move around （2008全国1海南，宁夏）37 We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to 21 a car because we had sold the one we had in England before 22 home. （2007全国2）38照应、替代、省略 Mike enjoys golf more than Mike enjoys tennis. Mike enjoys golf more than he does tennis. Mike enjoys golf m

20、ore than tennis. 393E连接 详述（elaboration） 延伸（extension） 增强（enhancement）401. 同位（同位（apposition） 换言（expository） In other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way That is：Never 42 your own senses” (2011课标卷)41 举例（exemplifying） For example, for instance, thus, to illustrate If the dri

21、vers are _37_ , they are not seriously hurt. One womans car, _38 for example_ , went into the river. She woke up in four feet of _39_ and thought it was raining. (2011全国2) 52 Thus Long John Silver the pirate with a wooden leg, was 53 . (2009全国2)42 Geese are known to take the first living thing they

22、see as their mother. 42 thus , to these young geese, the girl was their mother. 432. 阐明（阐明（clarification） 矫正（corrective） Or rather, be more precise Would you mind telling me 39 you are thinking of leaving? 40 or are you going to sit in your car all day?” (2007全国2) 题外（distractive） By the way, inciden

23、tally 毋论（dismissive） In any case, anyway, leaving that aside44 例举（particularizing） In particular, more especially 继续（resumptive） As I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point45 总结（summative） In short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly46 确认（verificative） Actually, as a matter of fact, in fact

24、My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（职业）. 27 actually I believed I would work for a few years, get married, stay home and raise a family, so I didnt think the job I took 28 that much. 47延伸（extension） 1. 增补（增补（addition） 肯定（positive） 否定

25、（negative） 2. 转折（转折（adversative） 3. 变换（变换（variation） 对立（replasive） 除外（substrative） 选择（alternative）481. 增补（增补（addition） 肯定（positive） And, also, moreover, in addition 否定（negative） Nor, neithernor492. 转折（转折（adversative） But , yet, on the other hand, however It was always thought that Treasure Island wa

26、s the product of Robert Louis Stevensons imagination. _36 however_，recent research has found the true story of this exciting work. (2009)503. 变换（变换（variation） 对立（replasive） On the contrary, instead Caring about 49 safety, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not 50 o

27、r follow him, and 51instead slept in the grass. （2007全国1）51 除外（substrative） Apart from that, except for that 32 except for short vacation visits, however, he had lived away from home. (2008全国2) 选择（alternative） alternatively52增强（enhancement） 1. 时空（时空（spatio-temporal） The nurse had him take a 36 in th

28、e waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 minutes 38 before someone would be able to see him .（2010全国1） But when I turned into main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing 31towards me. I got out of 32 as fast as I could by backing into the garage 33 and the man behind 34 me.（2007全国2）53 Sudden

29、ly they stood, picked up their 40 and stepped together 41 off the edge of where they were sitting to place the table in the sea water. The man stepped 42 back for the two chairs. （2006全国1）54 2. 方式（方式（manner） Similarly, in a different way 3. 因果因果/条件（条件（causal-conditional） “Well, its really _54_I came

30、 to a restaurant where Im known, ” I said. “_55 otherwise_, I might have been in trouble. ” (2005) 4. 话题（话题（matter） As for55完形训练56语篇词汇衔接提炼 In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhy

31、thm. As you listen to a song， your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. Before long， your entire body seems to be moving with it. Your head pounds with the beat， and there is no room for thought. Only the surge of the music is important. In its own way， rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibr

32、altar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.57 关键词: beat，song，music 近义词: distinct，characteristic， easily recognizable， in its own way; beat，rhythm, the surge; overwhelming，dominant，overpowering 上下义: music, rock of music58 Words that express love, passion, anger, despair the highest peaks and

33、the lowest depths of emotion, and the things that make us realize we are truly alive. Wuthering Heights, with its tale of doomed (注定失败的) love and its portrayal of both the good and the bad sides of human nature, topped the list of the greatest love stories of all time, released by the New York Publi

34、c Library in 2008. The latest film version came out in the UK on November 11.59 ITALIAN Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned on November 12 with his country deep in the European debt crisis. Berlusconi stepped down after the Italian parliament (国会) approved the European Unions austerity (紧缩) me

35、asures as he promised on November 8.60语篇词汇衔接替换 I had a very nice childhood. I went to a very nice school in U.S.A. where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice. It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice. I t

36、hought it was especially nice in winter when it is nice to play in the snow. 61 Happy, pleasant，kind，interesting，beautiful，fine，enjoyable，exciting62 Garden lovers are proud of their little patches (小块地), and _ there are visitors they love to show them off. They will point at a blooming rosebush, _ a

37、sk the visitor to admire the greenness of the lawn. _ the visitor stays to tea, he or she may find that the tomatoes in the sandwiches they eat, _ they sit with their hosts in the sun-drenched garden, have been grown no more than a few meters away.63 Whenever Or If As64 单句动词辨析 I often attend meeting

38、 and sometimes I take part in its discussion You may avoid all known sources of contagionyet not easily escape infection Yesterday I beat John at chessHe won only one set，while l won two sets 65 Nowadays, many people are advocating a low-carbon life. So how can we students live this way? Here are so

39、me tips to help you achieve it.First, we should reduce our use of plastic bags, which are made of chemicals and harmful to our health. We can also try to avoid using disposable dishware in order to protect trees from being cut down. In addition, it is important to save water and electricity. For example, we can turn off the lights when w