模联的必会词汇

1、弃权 Abstain ?b?ste?i在一个关于实体性问题的投票中，代表除了可以选择“是”或者“否”，还可以选择“弃权” 这意味着此代表既不支持也不反对正在进行投票表决的决议。During a vote on a substantive matter, a delegate may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This means that the delegate neither supports nor opposes the resolution on the go.议程 Agenda ?d?end?点名完毕后，委员会所设定的议题讨论顺序。Ag

2、e nda is the order of topics to be discussed in a conferen ce, usually being set after the roll call.修正案Amendment英?mendm ?nt修正案是用来对正在讨论的决议草案提出修改意见的文件。修正案分为两种：友好修正案与 非友好修正案。Ame ndme nt is a form of docume nt to ame nd a draft resoluti on. The two types ofame ndme nts are frie ndly ame ndme nt and unf

3、rien dly ame ndme nt.B背景指导BackgroundGuide ?b?kgra ?nd ga?d 背景指导是一份关于会议即将讨论议题的调研报告，一般由会议主席团撰写，并在会前分发 给各国代表。A backgro und guide is a research report of topics on the conference writte n by thedais and distributed to the delegates before the conferen ce.约束力 Binding ?ba?nd?约束力是指联合国决议对成员国具有法律效力。 安理会决议和联合

4、国国际法庭的判决是具有 约束力的；而联合国大会和经社委员会的决议不具有约束力。Binding is the legal force to impose UN resolutions on the Member States. Resolutions of Security Council and the Internaitonal Court of Justice are binding.Decisions made by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are non-binding.集团 Bloc 英 bl ?k 一

5、组处于同一地理区域或者就某一议题有类似观点的。 组成集团的决定性因素是具有共同的 利益。A bloc is a group of countries within a same geographical region or holding similar country positions on a particular topic. The determining factor in forming a bloc is sharing the common national interests.集团领导者 Bloc Leader 在一个集团中充当着领导者的代表。A bloc leader i

6、s the delegate who plays the leading role in a bloc.C磋商 Caucus ?k?:k?s 磋商是正式辩论过程中一种深入讨论议题的式。磋商分为两种类型：有主持核心磋商和自由 磋商。Caucus is a form of discussion in formal debate, in which delegates may discuss a subtopic more specifically. There are two types of caucus: moderated caucus and un-moderated caucus.主席

7、Chair 英 t?e?(r)专业资料主席是负责主持辩论、计时、裁决问题及动议，并执行会议流程的主席团成员Chair is a member of the dais who is responsible for moderating debate, timing, ruling on points and motions, and imposing the rules of procedure.委员会 Committee k ?m ?ti“委员会”是一个协商会议，一个由代表组成 ,按议事程序讨论议题并做出决策的有序组织。 模拟联合国会议中的委员会大多模仿联合国主要机构、附属机构、规划署、基金会

8、、调研及 培训机构、特殊组织、实体和区域委员会建立。代表需依据所在委员会的职权围和议事规则 讨论相关议题。A committee is a deliberative assembly, an organization comprising members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions. In Model UN conference, committees are usually the simulations of principal organs, subsidiary bodies, programs, funds

9、, research and training institutes, special organizations, entities or regional commissions of UN system. Delegates discuss relevant topics and resolutions according to the given functions, powers, and rules of procedure of the committees.危机 Crisis ?kra ?s?s 危机是会议进行当中，各国代表需要立即处理的突发性事件。模联会议中的危机一般由主席

10、团在会前设置好，事件可能与代表们讨论的议题相关。事件的形式有若干种，可能是突发事 件的新闻报道，可能是国际组织的文件，可能是相关人员的视频资料，也可能是外交官派出 国政府发来的外交指令等。“Crisis ” , to which delegates must respond immediately, is an emergent matter orunexpected event that happens during a conference. Usually designed by the dais before the conference, a crisis may be relate

11、d to the topic being discussed on the floor. The forms of crisis include news report, official document from international organizations, video profile, or directive from embassies or governments. D 主席团 Dais ?de ?s 主席团由主席、会议总监和主席助理组成，负责组织模拟联合国的会议。Usually consisted of a Chair, a Director and a Rappor

12、teur, a dais is a group of people in charge of a Model UN conference.代表 Delegate ?del?g?t 代表是模拟联合国会议中受委托或指派表达意见的人，可以代表一个联合国成员国，一个观 察国，或一个国际组织。Representing an UN Member State, an observer or an international organization, delegate is a person chosen or elected to express views in a Model UN conferenc

13、e. 代表团 Delegation 英 代表团是指模联会议中， 在 ?del ?ge ?n 不同委员会代表同一个成员国或观察国的全 体代表。代表团也指来自同 一参与团体的所有代表， 例如来自同一高中或 大学的全体代表。Delegation is a group of delegates representing the same UN Member State, an observer or an international organization in a Model UN conference. Delegation is also used to describe the delega

14、tes from the same participating group, e.g. the same high school or college.会议总监 Director d ?rekt ?(r)会议总监是负责监督代表角色扮演、文件写作及议题调研的主席团成员Director is a member of the dais who is in charge of overseeing delegates ' role-playing, document writing and topic researching.决议草案Draft Resolution dr a :ft?rez?

15、lu:? n决议草案是由代表草拟、为委员会所讨论的议题寻求解决案的一种文件格式。如果被投票通 过，那么决议草案就成为正式决议。在一个委员会中，有关同一个议题的决议草案只能通过 一份。Written by the delegates, draft resolution is a form of document that seeks to solve the issues addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution. Onl

16、y one draft resolution will be passed for each topic in a committee.指令草案 Draft Directived?rekt ?v指令草案是针对危机处理的文件。指令草案的表决通过标志着危机的成功解决。指令草案由 行动性条款构成。指令草案的行动措施要立即、有效，避免长远规划。代表可以对指令草案 提出修正案，其中，非友好修正案也需要表决。Draft directive is a form of document that aims at successfully solving the crisis. A draft directiv

17、e is only composed by operative clauses. The actions taken under the directive need to be instant and effective instead of long-term. Amandments are welcome to a draft directive, of which the unfriendly ones shall be passed after votes.F指导教师 Faculty Advisor ?f?klti ?d'va?z? 指导教师是负责指导学生运营模拟联合国社团并

18、训练模联代表团的教学人员。专业资料Faculty Advisor is a teacher or faculty responsible for advising students to run aModel UN club and training a delegation.会议流程 Flow of the Debate d ?be ?t 会议流程是模联会议中事件进行的顺序。Flow of debate is the order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference. 正式辩论 Formal Debate ?f ?:mld

19、?be ?t 在一个模联会议中标准形式的讨论。代表按照发言确定的顺序在规定时间进行演讲。The standard type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a certain period of time in the order based on the speakers' list.友好修正案 Friendly Amendment ?mendm ?nt友好修正案是原决议草案全部起草国均赞成的对决议草案容的改动。 在全部起草国签字同意 后，一份修正案便成为友好修正案，并自动被加入到原决议

20、草案中。A friendly amendment is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agreewith. After the amendment signed by all of the draft resolution 's sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution.G槌 Gavel ?g?vl主席用来维持模联委员会

21、秩序的一个小木锤形状的工具。 很多会议都把委员会中使用过的槌 赠与主席团选出的该委员会的最佳代表。所以，这个词也常常用来指赠与最佳代表的奖励， 哪怕事实上并没有。The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, is used by the Chair to keep order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that committee; therefor

22、e, the term iscasesfrequently used to refer to the award given to the best delegate, even where no actual gavel is given 地球村 Global Village 在模联会议进行过程中举行的展示各国文化的活动。Global Village is an activity in which delegates can display different cultures of the countries via exhibitions.H首席代表 Head Delegate ?del

23、 ?g?t 首席代表是一个模联代表团中的领队。Head delegate is the chief representative of a Model UN delegation.I支持 In favor of 即支持该动议通过。当超过半数的与会代表支持该动议通过，主席团才能予以执行。 In favor is to agree to pass a motion. There must be over half of the delegates in favor of a motion in order to pass it.L游说 Lobbying 英'l ?b? 游说是一种通过述观点

24、来影响会场他国代表意见的行为。Lobbying is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by other delegates during a conference.M成员国 Member State一个批准了联合国宪章、并且加入申请已经被联合国大会和安理会接受的。目前联合国一共 有 192 个成员国。唯一一个国际承认的非成员是教廷梵蒂冈。A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose applic

25、ation to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 192 member states. The only internationally recognized state that is not a member state is the Holy See.有主持核心磋商Moderated Caucus 'm a :?r?t?i ?k?:k?s一种有特定主题、限总发言时间的磋商形式。有主持核心磋商可以让代表在短时间关注更为 具体的问题。A

26、type of caucus with a specific topic and restricted total time, moderated Caucus enables delegates to focus on detailed problems in a short period of time. 动议 Motion ?m?n 由代表提出的改变现有会议进程的建议，需要全体代表投票表决。这些动议的容可以是进行 磋商、休会、介绍决议草案或者进入投票阶段。A suggestion made by a delegate to change the current process. A mo

27、tion might refer to a caucus, an adjournment, an introduction to a draft resolution, or closing the debate.动议停止辩论 Motion to Close Debate ?m?n 动议结束辩论与动议暂停会议有所不同。当结束辩论的动议生效后，会议将进入投票阶段。 此动议一般在代表认为立场已经得到充分阐述，且决议草案已较为完善的情况下提出。A motion to close debate is not the same as the motion to suspend meeting. Rath

28、er, it is used to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her country 's position clear and there are enough and fully discussed draft resolutions on the floor.动议有主持核心磋商动议Motion for a Moderated Caucus ?m?i'm a :dr?t?d?k?:k?s代表通过动议有主持核心磋商来进行议题的深入讨论。 有主持核心磋商讨论的主

29、题、 总时间、 各代表发言时间由提出此动议的代表提出。Delegates make a motion for a moderated caucus in order to set a discussion on a specific topic. To motion for a moderated caucus, delegates are required to propose topic, total time and the speaking time for each delegate.动议更改发言时间 Motion to Set Speaking Time 代表可以通过动议更改发言时

30、间，来重置每位代表在发言中的发言时间。Delegates propose a motion to set the speaking time for the purpose of setting orchanging the amount of time each delegate has to speak in the speakers' list.动议暂停会议 Motion to Suspend the Meeting英s?spend代表动议暂停会议可以结束会议的一个阶段，并使会议进入休息时间Delegates propose a motion to suspend the mee

31、ting for the purpose of ending a session and having a break.动议自由磋商 Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus?n'm ?d?re?t?d提出自由磋商动议的代表需要规定时间。 一旦动议获得通过， 在规定时间代表可以离开座位，更为密切地和盟友们交换意见A motion for an unmoderated caucus is usually proposed under the purpose to set a free discussion so that the delegates can exc

32、hange ideas with other delegates in your bloc. Delegates need to set the total time for an unmoderated caucus in the motion.模联人 MUNer曾经参与过或正在参与模拟联合国活动的人。People who have participated or are participating in Model UN activity.O观察员 Observer ?b?z?:v?(r) 一个不是联合国成员或某特定委员会成员的、政府组织、区域组织或者非政府组织。观察员 可以对程序性问题投

33、票，但是不能对实体性问题进行投票。例如教廷梵蒂冈和参与安全理事 会巴以问题讨论的以色列。An observer is a state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN nor a member of a specific committee, but participates in the debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not su

34、bstantive matters, e.g. the Holy See or the State of Israel participating in the Security Council meeting regarding Israel-Palestine conflict.被讨论状态 On the floor 在模联会议中，一份工作文件或者决议草案刚刚完成的时候不能够被讨论。只有在得到会议 指导的认可并且被委员会介绍后，它才进入“被讨论状态”进而可以被广泛讨论。At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolu

35、tion is first written,it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director andintroduced by the committee, it is put“ on the floor ”and may be further discussed.行动性条款 Operative Clause ?p?r?t?v kl ?:z 决议中描述联合国将如解决问题的部分， 以动词第三人称单数 (比如决定， 成立，建议等等) 开头。Operative clause is a part of a r

36、esolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. The clauses are written with verbs in third person singular form as beginning (e.g. decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).PPage 意向条In order to maintain the order of the conference, a delegate should write notes on pages to ask questions,

37、 lobby or negotiate with other delegates or a dais member during a session. Pages should be written in the official working language of the committee. 为了维持会场秩序，开会期间代表如有任问题或者需要进行游说、沟通，都要通过书写并传 递意向条的式向其他代表或主席团成员表达。 意向条的书写需要符合该委员会的工作语言要 求。Pager 意向条传递者A delegate in a Model UN committee that has voluntee

38、red to pass pages from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time. 委员会中志愿在代表间或者代表与主席团之间暂时传递意向条的代表。Parliamentary Procedure议会议事程序巾 a ?ment ?ri: pr?si:d?Parliamentary procedure is based on the consideration of the rights: of the majority, of the minority, of ind

39、ividual members, of absentee members, of all of these groups taken together.基于平衡原则，为保护各种人和人群的权利(包括意见占多数的人，意见占少数的人，甚至 是每一个人，以及没有出席会议的人)而制定出的议事规则，即为议会议事程序。Placard 牌?3l?k a :dA piece of cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate raises in the air toanswer the roll call or signal to the C

40、hair that he or she wishes to speak. 一块写着名称的硬纸板，代表举起它回应点名或向主席示意希望发言。Point 问题A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege.代表提出的关于信息或者相关行动的要求。包括程序性问题、询问性问题和个人权利问题。 Poi

41、nt of Order 组织性问题A point of order is used when a delegate believes the chair has made an error in the running of the committee. The delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure, but may not address when the topic being discussed. 当代表认为主席在主持会议中产生错误时

42、，可提出组织性问题，以纠正主席错误。代表需要 明晰该错误为不符合该委员会的规则流程。组织性问题可以打断进程提出，但不能在讨论议 题时提出。Point of Inquiry 咨询性问题 ?n' kwa ?r?A point of inquiry (also known as a point of parliamentary procedure) can be madewhen the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in order to ask the chairperson a question rega

43、rding the rules of procedure. 当代表对于会议程序有不明白的地时，可以在台上没有代表发言时举牌向主席咨询。Point of Personal Privilege 个人特权问题A delegate may raise a point of personal privilege in order to inform the chairperson of a physical discomfort he or she is experiencing, such as not being able to hear another delegate 's speech

44、. 当代表在会场上感觉有任身体上的不适时，可以提出个人特权问题，例如：无法听到台上代 表讲话。Position Paper 立场文件An essay details a country 's policies on the topics being discussed in the committee, usually written and delivered to the dais by delegates before a Model UN conference.一份针对委员会即将讨论议题的立场阐述文件，需要代表在会前书写完成并提交至主席团。 Preambulatory Clau

45、ses 序言性条款The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (e.g. noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).决议中描述之前与议题有关的行动以及决议的必要性的部分。一般以分词或者形容词开头。 Present 到/ 出席“Present ”

46、refers to “in attendance ”. Delegates who are in presence are required to raise up their placards and answer“ Present ” when their countries ' names arecalled during the roll call. Delegates need to send pages to the dais to inform theirattendance if they didn't arrive at the conference on t

47、ime. In special committees consisting of delegates with rights to vote and those without, delegates need to announce “Present and Voting ” or “Present ” according to the procedure. “到”即为“出席”。当名在点名中被点到时，代表需高举牌并回答“到”。如果代表未及 时出席，需到场后用意向条告知主席团。在一些特殊的委员会中，只有部分代表有权投票。 在此情况下，有权投票的代表在点名中需回答“出席并投票”，其他代表只需回答“

48、到”即 可。Procedural Questions 程序性问题 pr ? 'si:d ?r? lHaving to do with the way a committee runs, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.关于一个委员会运行式的问题，与和议题相关的问题相反。所有出席会议的代表都必须就程 序性问题投票而不能弃权。Q法定人数 Quorum ?kw?:r?m 一个委员会或者会议需要出席

49、的最小代表人数。在联合国大会，开始讨论的法定人数为成员 的三分之一，通过决议则需要半数以上。在安理会没有开始讨论的法定人数，但是必须有 9 个以上成员出席才能通过一个决议。The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet.In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begindebate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In

50、 the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but more than nine members must be present to pass a resolution.主席助理 Rapporteur ?r?p ?:?t ?:(r) 主席团中负责发言和点名程序的成员。A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers' list and takingthe roll call.决议 Resolution ?rez ?lu: ?n

51、 联合国机构通过的用于解决一个特别的问题或争议的文件。在联合国相当于法律。A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. To the UN, a resolution is the equivalent of a law. 答辩权 Right of Reply 回应前面发言人的评论的发言权利，当代表觉得个人受到其他代表发言的羞辱时采用。一般 需要给主席一个书面的短签。A right to speak in reply to a p

52、revious speaker's comment, invoked when a delegatefeels personally insulted by another's speech. It generally requires a written note tothe Chair to be invoked.罗伯特议事规则 Robert ' s Rules of Order自 1876 年首次出版，由罗伯特将军编撰的罗伯特议事规则已成为世界上最广受承认的 议事规则标准，也是模拟联合国规则流程制定的蓝本。无论对于议事专家、还是新上任的协 会主席来说，它都是高效、

53、有序、公平的会议的有力保障。After General Henry M. Robert brought the publication of Pocket Manual of Rules of Order to the ordinary societies in 1876, Robert Rules of Order has been recognized as a time-tested method of conducting business at meetings and public gatherings in world wide. It can be adapted to fit

54、 the needs of any organization. Today, Robert专业资料s Rules of Order newly revised is the basic handbook of operation for most clubs, organizations and other groups including Model United Nations.点名 Roll Call 点名是模联委员会的第一个程序，其间会务报告人会大声读出委员会中每一个成员国的名 称。当名被叫到的时候，代表需要回答“出席”或者“出席并投票”，回答“出席并投票” 的代表在后面的实体性投票中

55、不能弃权。Roll call is the first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which theRapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegate 's country 's name is called, he or she may respond“present ”or “presentand voting. ” A delegate responding“present a

56、nd voting ” may not abstain on asubstantive vote.唱名表决 Roll Call Vote对决议草案的表决为唱名表决。主席团首先点名确认到场的代表，随后被点到名的代表需表 决赞成、反对或弃权。对于一个议题，一个委员会只能通过一个决议草案，一旦有一份决议 草案获得通过，将不会再对未表决的决议草案进行投票。The special voting procedure to draft resolution is roll call vote. After the roll call, delegates may vote for yes, no or ab

57、stain on each draft resolution. Each committee will only pass one draft resolution on each topic. Other draft resolutions will not be 专业资料voted as long as one has been passed.议事规则 Rules of procedurepr ?si:d ?(r)模拟联合国会议召开所遵循的程序与规则。The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.S附议 Second 赞同一个被提出的动议。很

58、多动议必须有附议才能投票表决。Second is to agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before they are brought to a vote.秘书处 Secretariat ?sekr ?te ?ri ? t 秘书处又称组委会，主要负责模拟联合国会议的学术及会务组织工作，通常由学术总监、代 表联系人、会务总监、技术总监等人员组成。Secretariat is the organ in charge of conference affairs; normally it consists of Director of Academics, Liaison (Delegate Coordinator), Director of Logistics, Director of Technology etc.秘书长 Secretary General 模拟联合国会议的最高负责人，掌控组委会及主席团的各项工作。The supreme leader of the