英语中的省略和替代

1、Ellipsis1. This radio , but that one doesnt .读下列句子读下列句子, 说你的感觉。说你的感觉。work wellworks well2. When pure, a colorless liquid. water iswater is3. Are you ? Yes, I am .readyready4. He was as he had been in his youth. a lover of sportsa lover of sports5. The river deep and the ice thin.waswas6. ake care!Yo

2、uT t1. 省略省略句的定义句的定义省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中省略在语言中, 尤其在对话中尤其在对话中, 是一种是一种十分普遍的现象。十分普遍的现象。 2. 2. 句子成分的省略句子成分的省略省略前提省略前提: 主谓宾主谓宾, 定状表定状表, 如有重复可删掉。如有重复可删掉。省略原则省略原则: 词语省略后词语省略后, 不致令人费解。不致令人费解。省略类型：省略类型： 1. 心照不宣型心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)； 2. 承前省

3、后型承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中)； 3. 可有可无型可有可无型(用于宾从中的用于宾从中的that、定从中作宾语、定从中作宾语 的的whom, which, that和某些状从中和某些状从中) 4. 虚拟倒装型虚拟倒装型(只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中)。1. 省略主语省略主语: 祈使句中的主语通常被省略祈使句中的主语通常被省略;其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。(1) (You) Come in, please.(2) ( I ) See you tomorrow.(3)

4、( I ) Thank you for your help.(4) ( I ) Beg your pardon.简单句中的省略简单句中的省略2. 省略主语或谓语的一部分省略主语或谓语的一部分简单句中的省略简单句中的省略(1) (There is) No smoking.(2) (Will you) Have a smoke?(3) Why (do you) not say hello to him?(4) How (do you think) about a cup of tea?(5) (You come) this way, please.3. 省略宾语省略宾语:可省略宾语的全部可省略宾语

5、的全部; 可省略作宾语可省略作宾语的动词不定式的动词不定式, 只保留只保留to, 但如果该宾语是动词但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态或完成时态, 则须在则须在to后加上后加上be或或have。 -Do you know Miss Hu? -I dont know (her).(2) Dont touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (touch).(3) -Are you a teacher? -No, but I want to be (a teacher).(4) -He hasnt finished the task. -Well,

6、he ought to have (finish it).4. 省略表语省略表语 -Are you thirsty? -Yes, I am (thirsty). His brother is lazy. Nor is his sister (lazy).5. 同时省略几个句子成分同时省略几个句子成分 -Are you fell better now? - (Im feeling) better (now).(2) (I wish) Good luck (to you)!(3) Lets meet at the school gate as the same as (we met) yester

7、day.并列句中的省略并列句中的省略两个并列分句中两个并列分句中, 后一分句常省略与前一分句后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。中相同的部分。 My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.(2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school(3) Lins father was not at home, but his mother was (at home).主从复合句中的省略主从复合句中的省略1. 主句中有一些主谓被省略主句中有一些主谓被省略 (Im) Sorry

8、to heat that you are ill.(2) (Its) a pity that you missed such a good chance.2. 省略从句中与主句相同的部分省略从句中与主句相同的部分They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).3. 主句与从句各有一些成分被省略主句与从句各有一些成分被省略The sooner (you do it) , the better (it will be).4. 省略一个从句或从句的一部分省略一个从句或从句的一部分, 可用可用

9、so 或或 not代替。常用于此类的动词有代替。常用于此类的动词有believe, think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及等以及appear, seem, afraid etc.(4) Do you think he will attend the meeting? -I guess not.(1) Is he coming back tonight? -I think so.(2) She must be busy now? -If so, she cant go with us.(3) Is she feelin

10、g better today? -Im afraid not.其他省略其他省略1. 连词连词that的省略的省略 宾语宾语从句中常省略从句中常省略连词连词that. I know he is a student. (2) 在定在定语语从句中从句中, that在从句中作在从句中作宾语时宾语时可省略。另外可省略。另外, 凡是凡是进进行行时态时态和被和被动语态动语态的定的定语语从句都可省略关系代从句都可省略关系代词词 和和be 动词动词。 。 He likes the songs (that) Andy Lau sings. He likes the songs (that are) sung by

11、 Andy Lau.(that)2. 在某些状语从句中在某些状语从句中, 从句的主语与主句的从句的主语与主句的主语一致时主语一致时, 可省去可省去“主语主语+be”部分。部分。(1)When still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night.(2)She tried her best though rather poor in health.(3)While cycling, dont forget the traffic lights. 骑车时骑车时, 不要忘记看红绿灯。不要忘记看红绿灯。(you are)(you)(he was)(she wa

12、s)3. 不定式符号不定式符号to的省略的省略1) 并列的不定式可省去后面的并列的不定式可省去后面的 to. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. 2) help 当当“帮助帮助”讲时讲时, 后面的宾语或宾补的后面的宾语或宾补的 不定式符号不定式符号to可带可不带。可带可不带。 I will help (to) do it for you. I will help you (to) do it.(3) 介词介词but前若有动词前若有动词do, 后面的不定式不带后面的不定式不带 to. The boy did nothing but play

13、.4) 某些使役某些使役动词动词(let, make, have) 及感官及感官动词动词(see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to等）等）后面作后面作宾语补宾语补足足语语的不定式一定的不定式一定要省去要省去 to, 但在被但在被动语态动语态中中须须将将to 复原。复原。 I saw the boy fall from the tree. The boy was seen to fall from the tree. The boss made us work 12 hours a day. We were made

14、to work 12 hours a day.5) 主主语语从句中有从句中有动词动词do, 后面作表后面作表语语的不定式的不定式 的的to可可带带可不可不带带。 。 What we can do now is (to) wait.6) find 当当“ “发现发现” ”讲时讲时，后面作，后面作宾语补宾语补足足语语的的 不定式符号不定式符号to可可带带可不可不带带。 。 We found him (to) work very hard at the experiment. 但如果是不定式但如果是不定式 to be, 则则不能省略。不能省略。 She found him to be dishone

15、st. (3) Should there be a flood, what should we do? , they would certainly come and help us. (2) Were I you , I would do the work better.Had they timeIfI had time(If I were you)(If there should be a flood)4. 连词连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略在部分虚拟条件句中可省略, 但要将但要将 后面的后面的should, were, had提到主语的前面。提到主语的前面。5. 英语中有一些固定的省略

16、结构：英语中有一些固定的省略结构：在以在以if, when, though, as if (好象好象)等连词引导等连词引导的从句中的从句中, 如从句中的主要动词是如从句中的主要动词是be, 常将主语常将主语it 和动词和动词be 省略。省略。If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要如有必要, 我们就往家里打电报。我们就往家里打电报。Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我他一有可能就来帮助我。it isit isNotes 1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份省略句可同时

17、省掉句子几个成份What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！多么令人激动的消息啊！Pity hes failed. (= It is a pity that hes failed.) 很遗憾很遗憾, 他失败了。他失败了。I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上, 但但有时省略结构已经定型有时省略结构已经定型, 如果把省略部

18、分补上如果把省略部分补上, 反而不合乎习惯。反而不合乎习惯。He is taller than I am. 他比我高。他比我高。(am之后省略之后省略tall, 补上不合习惯）补上不合习惯）No parking. 禁止停车。禁止停车。(告示用语告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.)有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：Not at all. 不用谢。不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。谢谢。1. Havent seen you for ages.2. Sounds like a good idea

19、.3. Sorry to hear that.4. this way, please!5. Joining us for a walk?6. Some more tea?7. Doesnt matter.8. Pity you couldnt come.9. Terrible weather!10. Going to the supermarket? Exercise IItI amWalkWould you likeWould you likeItIt is aWhat/SuchAre youExercise She can swim under water longer than I ca

20、n swim under water. 2. They discussed whether they should stay in the house or they should try the open air. 3. They had a meal, they went out for a walk and then they came back to sleep. 4. Dont bathe if you dont to bathe. 5. I dont visit my parents as much as I ought to visit my parents. 1. The re

21、search is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begunD单项选择单项选择2. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way whichA3. A computer does only what thinking people _. A. have

22、 it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it doneA4. - Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my car? - Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy toD5. - You havent lost the ticket, have you? - _. I know its not easy to get another one a

23、t the moment. A.I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, Im afraid soA6. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. WillB7. - Lets go and have a good drink tonight. - _ Have you got the first prize in the competition? A. What for?

24、 B. Thanks a lot. C. Yes, Id like to D. Why not?A8. -Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework? -I am doing these exercises now so that I wont have _ on Sunday. A. it B. them C. for D. toD9. -Shall I invite Ann to my birthday party tomorrow evening? -Yes. Itll be fine if you _. A. are B

25、. can C. invite D. do10. - Arent you the manager? - No, and I _. A. dont want to B. dont want to be C. dont want be D. dont wantDB11. - Wont you have another try? - _. A. Yes, I will have B. Yes, I wont have C. Yes, I wont D. Yes, I will 12. -I wont do it any more. -_? A. Why not B. Why dont do any

26、more C. Why not do D. Why dont DD 13. -Do you think it will snow tomorrow? -_? A. I dont think B. No, I dont think C. I dont think so D. No, I dont so 14. -Have you fed the cat? -No, but _. A. Im B. I am C. Im just going D. Im just going toCD15. -Does your brother intend to study German? -Yes, he in

27、tends _. A. / B. to C. so D. that16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 17. -What do you think made Mary so upset? -_her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losingBAC18. If _, well cont

28、inue our experiment after office hours. A. being necessary B. be necessary C. is necessary D. necessary19. -Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? - _. A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not 20. Generally speaking, _ according to directions, the drug ha

29、s no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be takenDDB21. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _. A. the other is white B. another white C. the other white D. another is white22. - Would you like some wine? - Yes, just _. A. little B. very little C. a little D. a fewCC替代替代(一一)so和和not作替代作替代词词, 代替被省略的某个代替被省略的某个词词(组组)或句子或句子, 一般同表示个人看法或想法的一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连动词连用用, 作作be afraid, b