全国翻译三级真题

1、真题2011年的三级笔译Section 1 English-Chinese Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into Chinese.This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report.Claims of a water apartheid, where poor p

2、eople pay more for water than the rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by

3、 public utilities have to rely on costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than wate

4、r trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank.The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made to local water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added.The agency

5、 proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing

6、 countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some mar

7、ket-based approaches as well.By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agencys report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agencys proposals, if

8、 a country can harness the economic benefits of providing clean water.People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries

9、. So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing t

10、o pay back the investment over many years.In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their

11、communities, he said. Thats especially true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad men

12、u of different approaches can be the first step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.出处：Section 2 Chinese-English Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into English.即使遇到丰收年景，对中国来说，要用世界百分之七的耕地养活全球五分之一的人口仍是一项艰巨的任务。中国政府面临许多挑战，最严峻的挑战之一就是耕地流失。过去几年中，平均每年有66.7万公顷耕地

13、被城市扩建、工业发展以及公路建设工程占用，另有1万平方公里的耕地被沙漠吞噬。中国北方地区地下水位下降，农民不得不改种耐旱、地产作物，甚至撂荒。同时，农业基础设施损耗严重，三分之二的灌溉设施需要整修。由于农民为增加收入而改种经济作物，农业生产方式正在转变。过去十几年，全国水果和蔬菜种植面积平均每年增加130万公顷。因此，水稻、玉米及小麦产量急剧下降。中国已由粮食净出口国变为粮食净进口国。中国政府把农业改革视为头等大事，投入大量资金用于提高小麦和稻米的收购价以及改进农田灌溉基础设施。近年来，农产品的价格稳步上升，中国政府采取此项措施以提高农民种粮的积极性。2013年11月三级笔译实务真题Secti

14、on1：English-ChineseTranslation(50points)Strollthroughthefarmersmarketandyouwillhearaplethoraoflanguagesandseearainbowoffaces.DrivedownCanyonRoadandstopforhalalmeatorFilipinoporkbellyatadjacentmarkets.Alongthehighway,browsetheaislesofagiantAsiansupermarketstockingfreshnapacabbageandmizunaorfreshkimch

15、i.HeadtowarddowntownandyoullseeloncherastacotrucksonstreetcornersandhearSpanishbandamusic.Onthecitysnorthernedge,youcansampleIndianchaat.WelcometoBeaverton,aPortlandsuburbthatishometoOregonsfastestgrowingimmigrantpopulation.Oncearuralcommunity,Beaverton,population87,000,isnowthesixthlargestcityinOre

16、gonwithimmigrationrateshigherthanthoseofPortland,Oregonslargestcity.BestknownastheworldheadquartersforathleticshoecompanyNike,Beavertonhaschangeddramaticallyoverthepast40years.SettledbyimmigrantsfromnorthernEuropeinthe19thcentury,todayitisaplacewhere80languagesfromAlbaniantoUrduarespokeninthepublics

17、choolsandabout30percentofstudentsspeakalanguagebesidesEnglish,accordingtoEnglishasaSecondLanguageprogramdirectorWeiWeiLou.Beavertonswaveofnewresidentsbeganarrivinginthe1960s,withKoreansandTejanos(TexansofMexicanorigin),whowerethefirstpermanentLatinos.In1960,BeavertonspopulationofLatinosandAsianswasl

18、essthan0.3percent.By2000,BeavertonhadproportionatelymoreAsianandHispanicresidentsthanthePortlandmetroarea.Today,Asianscomprise10percentandHispanics11percentofBeavertonspopulation.MayorDennyDoylesaysthatmanyinBeavertonviewtheimmigrantswhoarerapidlyreshapingBeavertonasasourceofenrichment. “Citizensher

19、eespeciallyintheartsandculturecommunitythinkitsfantasticthatwehaveallthesedifferentpossibilitieshere,”hesays.GloriaVargas, 50,aSalvadoranimmigrant,ownsapopularsmallrestaurant,GloriasSecretCaf,indowntownBeaverton. “IloveBeaverton,”shesays. “IfeellikeIbelonghere.”HermothermovedhertoLosAngelesasateenag

20、erin1973,andshemovedOregonin1979.ShelandedacovetedvendorspotintheBeavertonFarmersMarketin1999.Nowinadditiontorunningherrestaurant,shehasoneofthemostpopularstallsthere,sellingupto200SalvadorantamaleswrappedinbananaleavesratherthancornhuskseachSaturday. “Oncetheybuymyfood,theyalwayscomebackformore,”sh

21、esays.“Itsprettyrelaxedhere,”saysTajSuleyman, 28,bornandraisedinLebanon,andrecentlytransplantedtoBeavertontostartajobworkingwithimmigrantsfrommanycountries.HalfMiddleEasternandhalfAfrican,SuleymansayshewasattractedtoBeavertonspecificallybecauseofitsdiversity.Heservesonacity-sponsoredDiversityTaskFor

22、cesetupbyMayorDoyle.MohammedHaque,originallyfromBangladesh,findsBeavertonverywelcoming.Hisdaughter,heboasts,wasevenelectedherhighschoolshomecomingqueen.SouthAsianssuchasHaquehavetransformedBethany,aneighborhoodnorthofBeaverton.ItisdensewithimmigrantsfromGujarat,astateinIndiaandprimarysourceforthefir

23、stwaveofBeavertonsSouthAsianimmigrants.ThefirstwaveofSouthAsianimmigrantstoBeaverton,mostlyGujaratisfromIndia,arrivedinthe1960sand1970s,whenthemotelandhotelindustrywasbooming.ManyboughtsmallhotelsandoriginallysettledinPortland,andthenrelocatedtoBeavertonforbetterschoolsandbiggeryards.Thesecondwaveof

24、SouthAsiansarrivedduringthehigh-techboomofthe1980s,whenthesoftwareindustry,andIntelandTektronix,reallytookoff.ManyofBeavertonsAsiansconvergeatUwajimaya,a30,000-square-footsupermarketnearcentralBeaverton.BernieCapell,formerspecialeventscoordinatoratUwajimaya,saysthatmanycometoshopforfreshproduceevery

25、day.ButthebiggestgroupofshoppersatUwajimaya,sheadds,areCaucasians.BeavertonsAsianpopulationboastsasizablenumberofKoreans,whobegantoarriveinthelate1960sandearly1970s.AccordingtoTedChung,anativeofKoreaandBeavertonresidentsince1978,threethingsstandoutabouthisfellowKoreanimmigrants.UponmovingtoBeaverton

26、,theyjoinaChristianchurchoftenMethodistorPresbyterianasagatheringplace;theypushtheirchildrentoexcelinschool;andtheyshunthespotlight.ChungsaysheandhisfellowKoreanmigrsworkhardassmallbusinessmenowninggroceries,drycleaners,laundromats,delis,andsushishopsandarefrugalsotheycansendtheirchildrentoaleadingu

27、niversity.Mostrecently,immigrantsfromCentralandSouthAmerica,aswellasrefugeesfromIraqandSomalia,havejoinedtheBeavertoncommunity.ManyBeavertonorganizationshelpimmigrants.TheBeavertonResourceCenterhelpsallimmigrantswithhealthandliteracyservices.TheSomaliFamilyEducationCenterhelpsSomalisandotherAfricanr

28、efugeestogetsettled.AndoneBeavertonelementaryschoolevencameupwiththeideaofa“sewin”parentsofstudentssewingtogethertowelcomeSomaliBantuparentsandbridgemajorculturaldifferences.Historicallywhitechurches,suchasBeavertonFirstUnitedMethodistChurch,offerimmigrationministries.AndBeavertonchurchesofalldenomi

29、nationshostKorean-orSpanish-languageservices.BeavertonsMayorDoylewantsrefugeeandimmigrantleaderstoparticipateinthetownsdecision-making.HesetupaDiversityTaskForcewhosemissionis“tobuildinclusiveandequitablecommunitiesintheCityofBeaverton.”ThetaskforceisworkingtocreateamulticulturalcommunitycenterforBe

30、avertoniansofallbackgrounds.TheresourcesandwarmwelcomethatBeavertongivesimmigrantsarereciprocatedintheaffectionthatmanyexpressfortheirnewhome.KaltunCaynan, 40,aSomaliwomanwhocametoBeavertonin2001fleeingcivilwar,isanoutreachcoordinatorfortheSomaliFamilyEducationCenter. “Ilikeitsomuch,”shesaid,cheerfu

31、lly. “Nobodydiscriminatesagainstme,everybodysmilingatme.”Section1：英译汉（50 分）漫步走过农贸市场，你会听到各种语言，见到各式各样的面孔。沿峡谷路开下去，在邻近的各种市场，你可以买到清真食品或菲律宾五花猪肉。在高速公路两旁，逛逛巨大的亚裔超市，其中陈列着新鲜的中国大白菜和京都水菜或者新鲜的韩国泡菜。向着市区开去，在街角会看到卖墨西哥煎玉米卷的卡车，听到西班牙风格的班达音乐。在城市的北边，你则可以品尝到印度菜。欢迎来到波特兰市郊的比弗顿！这里有着俄勒冈州增长最快的移民群体。人口87000的比弗顿，一度是个农业区，如今成为俄勒冈第

32、六大城市而且移民比例高于俄勒冈州最大城市波特兰。比弗顿最为人知的是，它是耐克运动鞋公司全球总部所在地。过去40年来这里发生了巨大变化。据英语作第二语言项目主管罗未未说，比弗顿在十九世纪的定居者是北欧移民，现在公立学校学生中讲从阿尔巴尼亚语到乌尔都语的80种语言，大约30%的学生会使用英语以外的一种语言。比弗顿在1960年代迎来第一波新居民潮，先是韩国人和提加洛人（原籍墨西哥的德克萨斯人）后者是第一批拉美裔永久居民。1960年，比弗顿的拉美裔和亚裔人口不到0.3%。到2000年，比弗顿的亚裔和拉美裔人口比例超过波特兰都市区。今天，亚裔占比弗顿人口的10%，拉美裔占11%。市长丹尼道尔说，在比弗顿

33、的许多人看来，迅速重塑比弗顿的移民让生活变得丰富。他说：“这里的市民，特别艺术和文化圈人士，认为此地拥有种种不同的可能性，实在非常美妙。”现年50岁的格洛丽亚巴尔加斯是萨尔瓦多移民，在比弗顿市区拥有一家生意红火的小餐馆格洛丽亚秘密餐馆。她说：“我爱比弗顿。我感到我属于这里。”1973年，在她十来岁时，母亲把她带到洛杉矶，她在1979年搬到比弗顿。1999年，她在比弗顿农贸市场拿到一个令人垂涎的摊位。现在除了打理餐馆以外，她在那里有一个最受欢迎的小摊，每个星期六卖出多达200份萨尔瓦多玉米粉蒸肉用香蕉叶而不是玉米皮包装。她说：“他们一旦买过我的食品，总会再回头。”28岁的泰基苏雷曼在黎巴嫩出生长

34、大，近期迁到比弗顿，开始为来自许多国家的移民服务。他说：“这里的气氛很轻松。”苏雷曼有一半中东血统，一半非洲血统。他说，比弗顿的多元化对他特别有吸引力。他在道尔市长设立由市府赞助的多元特别工作组供职。原籍孟加拉的穆罕默德哈克，感觉比弗顿很欢迎外来者。他自豪地说，他的女儿甚至当选为所就读高中的返校节皇后。哈克和一批南亚人则改变了比弗顿北边的贝瑟尼社区的面貌。这个区住着很多来自印度古吉拉特邦的移民，比弗顿第一波南亚移民主要来自那里。在1960和1970年代汽车旅馆和旅馆业兴盛时期，第一波南亚移民到达比弗顿，他们主要来自印度的古吉拉特邦。许多人买下小旅馆，起初在波特兰安家，后来搬到比弗顿寻求更好的学

35、校和更大的院子。第二波南亚移民在1980年代的高科技繁荣期到来，当时软件业和英特尔及泰克欣欣向荣。市中心附近一家占地30000平方英尺的超市宇和岛屋成为比弗顿亚裔居民的汇聚地。曾任宇和岛屋特别活动协调人的伯尼卡佩尔说，每天都有许多人来购买新鲜农产品。不过她说，宇和岛屋最大的购物群体是白人。弗顿的亚裔人口当中有相当数量的韩国人，他们在1960年代后期和1970年代早期开始搬到这里。比据1978年来比弗顿定居的韩国人特德钟说，他这样的韩国移民有三个特点：一搬到比弗顿他们便加入基督教会经常是卫理教会或长老教会，以此作为聚集地；他们督促孩子在学校取得优异成绩；他们行事低调。钟说他和其他韩国移民作为小企

36、业主辛勤工作，经营食品店、干洗店、洗衣房、熟食店和寿司店，并且为能供孩子上一流大学而生活节俭。最近，中南美洲移民以及伊拉克和索马里难民也加入了比弗顿社群。比弗顿有很多组织为移民提供帮助。比弗顿资源中心帮助所有移民获得医疗和语言服务。索马里家庭教育中心帮助索马里和其他非洲难民安家落户。比弗顿的一所小学甚至提出“缝合”设想学生的家长在一起缝衣，以此欢迎索马里班图族家长，弥合巨大的文化差异。历史上是白人教会的比弗顿第一联合卫理会教会等教会，现在提供移民牧师服务。所有教区的比弗顿教堂提供朝鲜语或西班牙语服务。比弗顿市长道尔希望难民和移民领袖参与本市的决策。他设立了多元特别工作组，使命是“在比弗顿市构建

37、包容和公平的社区”。特别工作组正努力打造面向所有背景的比弗顿人的跨文化社区中心。比弗顿为移民提供的资源和热情欢迎与众多市民对自己新家表露的感情交相辉映。现年40岁、来自索马里的卡尔顿凯南，在2001年逃离内战来到比弗顿，目前担任索马里家庭教育中心拓展协调员。她高兴地说：“我很喜欢这里。没有人歧视我，每个人都对我微笑。”AMeltingGreenlandWeighsPerilsAgainstPotential全球变暖对格陵兰是福是祸？ByELISABETHROSENTHALOctober08, 2012ELISABETHROSENTHAL报道 2012年10月08日NARSAQ,Greenlan

38、dAsicebergsintheKayakHarborpopandhisswhilemeltingaway,thisremoteArctictownanditsculturearealsodisappearinginachangingclimate.格陵兰岛纳萨克随着皮艇港(KayakHarbor)的冰山在融化过程中发出嘶嘶的响声，这座偏远的北极小镇和它的文化，也正在随着气候变化而消失。Narsaqslargestemployer,ashrimpfactory,closedafewyearsagoafterthecrustaceansflednorthtocoolerwater.Whereon

39、cetherewereeightcommercialfishingvessels,thereisnowone.纳萨克最大的用工企业，一家虾厂，几年前倒闭了，原因是虾蟹都逃往了北方更寒冷的水域。这里曾一度有八艘商业捕鱼船，现在只剩一艘了。Asaresult,thepopulationhere,oneofsouthernGreenlandsmajortowns,hasbeenhalvedto1,500injustadecade.Suicidesareup.因此，作为格陵兰岛南部主要城镇之一，纳萨克的人口在短短十年中降至1500人，减少了一半。自杀率也出现上升。AndrewTestaforTheNe

40、wYorkTimes格陵兰岛的一个渔民驾船驶过正在融化的冰山。“Fishingistheheartofthistown,”saidHansKaspersen, 63,afisherman. “Lotsofpeoplehavelosttheirlivelihoods.”“捕鱼是这个小镇的核心。”今年63岁的渔民汉斯?卡斯佩森(HansKaspersen)说，“很多人失去了生计。”ButevenaswarmingtemperaturesareupendingtraditionalGreenlandiclife,theyarealsoofferingupintriguingnewopportunit

41、iesforthisstateof57,000 perhapsnowheremoresothanhereinNarsaq.尽管逐渐升高的气温正在颠覆着格陵兰人传统的生活方式，但是气温升高也为这个只有5.7万人的国家提供了有趣的新机遇，这种机遇在纳萨克可能最为明显。VastnewdepositsofmineralsandgemsarebeingdiscoveredasGreenlandsmassiveicecaprecedes,formingthebasisofapotentiallylucrativeminingindustry.随着格陵兰岛广袤的冰盖逐渐消融，人们发现了储量丰富的新矿产和宝石

42、，这为潜在利润巨大的采矿业奠定了基础。Oneoftheworldslargestdepositsofrareearthmetalsessentialformanufacturingcellphones,windturbinesandelectriccarssitsjustoutsideNarsaq.全球最大的稀土金属矿藏就坐落在纳萨克城外不远处，稀土金属在生产手机、风力涡轮机和电动汽车时必不可少。ThiscouldbemomentousforGreenland,whichhaslongreliedonhalfabilliondollarsayearinwelfarepaymentsfromDe

43、nmark,itsparentstate.MiningprofitscouldhelpGreenlandbecomeeconomicallyselfsufficientandrenderitthefirstsovereignnationcreatedbyglobalwarming.对格陵兰岛而言，这可能具有重大意义。很长时间以来，格陵兰岛一直依赖其母国丹麦每年拨付的5亿美元资金支持维持运行。采矿利润可能会帮助格陵兰岛实现经济上的自给自足，成为第一个因全球变暖而成立的主权国家。“Oneofourgoalsistoobtainindependence,”saidVittusQujaukitsoq,

44、aprominentlaborunionleader.知名工会领袖维图斯?奎奥基茨克(VittusQujaukitsoq)说，“我们的目标之一是取得独立。”Buttherapidtransitionfromasocietyofindividualfishermenandhunterstoaneconomysupportedbycorporateminingraisesdifficultquestions.HowwouldGreenlandsinsularsettlementstolerateaninfluxofthousandsofPolishorChineseconstructionwork

45、ers,ashasbeenproposed?WillminingdespoilanaturalenvironmentessentialtoGreenlandsnationalidentitythewhalesandseals,thesilenticyfjords,andmythicpolarbears?Canfishermanreinventthemselvesasminers?然而，把一个由个体渔民和猎人组成的社会，迅速转变为由企业采矿支撑的经济体，也引发了一些难题。比如，格陵兰岛上与世隔绝的定居点，如何承受计划招徕的数千名波兰或中国建筑工人？采矿是否会破坏格陵兰岛的国家形象（鲸、海豹、寂静

46、的冰川海湾，以及神秘的北极熊）所不可或缺的自然环境？渔民们能够把自身重塑成矿工吗？“Ithinkminingwillbethefuture,butthisisadifficultphase,”saidJensB.Frederiksen,Greenlandshousingandinfrastructureministerandadeputypremier. “Itsaplanthatnoteveryonewants.Itsabouttraditions,thefreedomofaboat,familyprofessions.”“我认为采矿就是我们的未来，但现在是一个艰难的阶段。”格陵兰住房与基础

47、设施部长、副总理延斯?B?佛雷德利克森(JensB.Frederiksen)说，“这并不是一个所有人都赞成的计划，它会涉及传统、驾船的自由，以及代代相传的职业。”TheArcticiswarmingevenfasterthanotherpartsoftheplanet,andtherapidlymeltingiceiscausingalarmamongscientistsaboutsea-levelrise.InnortheasternGreenland,averageyearlytemperaturehaverisen4.5degreesinthepast15years,andscienti

48、stspredicttheareacouldwarmby14to21degreesbytheendofthecentury.北极变暖的速度比地球上其他任何地方都快，而迅速融化的冰川引起了科学家对海平面上升的警觉。过去15年中，格陵兰岛东北部的年均气温上升了4.5度。而科学家预测，到本世纪末，该地区气温会升高14至21度。Already,winterpackicethatcoversthefjordsisnolongerstableenoughfordogsleddingandsnowmobiletrafficinmanyareas.Winterfishing,essentialtofeedin

49、gfamilies,isbecominghazardousorimpossible.在很多地区，冬季覆盖在峡湾里的浮冰已经不够稳固，狗拉雪橇和摩托雪橇都无法通行了。冬季捕鱼是为很多家庭提供食物的重要手段，但现在却变得很危险，甚至不可能了。IthaslongbeenknownthatGreenlandsatuponvastminerallodes,andtheDanishgovernmenthasmappedthemintermittentlyfordecades.NielsBohr,DenmarksNobelPrize-winningnuclearphysicistandamemberofth

50、eManhattanProject,visitedNarsaqin1957becauseofitsuraniumdeposits.格陵兰岛地下蕴藏着巨大的矿藏这一点久为人知。几十年来，丹麦政府已经断断续续地绘制了这些矿藏的分布图。参与过曼哈顿计划(ManhattanProject)的丹麦核物理学家、诺贝尔奖得主尼尔斯?玻尔(NielsBohr)曾在1957年造访纳萨克，原因是这里有铀矿藏。Butpreviousattemptsatminingmostlyfailed,provingtooexpensiveintheinclementconditions.Now,warminghasaltere

51、dtheequation.然而，之前的开采尝试几乎都失败了，事实证明在严酷的环境下采矿，成本过于高昂。如今，气候变暖让这个等式发生了变化。GreenlandsBureauofMineralsandPetroleum,chargedwithmanagingtheboom,currentlyhas150activelicensesformineralexploration,upfrom20adecadeago.Altogether,companiesspent$100millionexploringGreenlandsdepositslastyear,andseveralareapplyingfo

52、rlicensestobeginconstructiononnewmines,bearinggold,ironandzincandrareearths.Therearealsoforeigncompaniesexploringforoffshoreoil.负责对开发热潮进行管理的格陵兰矿产与石油管理局(BureauofMineralsandPetroleum)目前发放的有效的矿产勘探许可证有150份，而十年前仅为20份。去年，各企业总计投入了1亿美元用于勘探格陵兰岛的矿藏。有几家公司正在申请在新矿藏进行建设的许可证。这些新矿蕴藏着金、铁、锌和稀土。也有一些外国公司在勘探近海石油。“Forme,

53、Iwouldntmindifthewholeicecapdisappears,”saidOleChristiansen,thechiefexecutiveofNunamMinerals,Greenlandslargesthomegrownminingcompany,ashepickedhiswayalongaproposedgoldminingsiteupthefjordfromNuuk,Greenlandscapital. “Asitmelts,wereseeingnewplaceswithveryattractivegeology.”“就我而言，我不介意整个冰盖都消失。”格陵兰岛最大的本土矿业公司NunamMinerals首席执行官奥勒?克里斯蒂安森(OleChristiansen)说。他正从格陵兰岛首都努克沿着峡湾前往一处提议的金矿开采地。“随着冰盖的融化，我们看到了地貌特征更引人入胜的新地方。”TheBlackAngelleadandzincmine,whichclosedin1990,isapplyingtoreopenthisyear,saidJo