狭义相对论与时空观ppt课件

1、4.1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity 4.2* The Michelson-Morley Experiment4.3 Postulates of the Special Theory Relativity 4.4 Simultaneity4.5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox4.6 Length Contraction4.7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time4.8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations 4.9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass

2、 4.10 The Ultimate Speed4.11 Energy and Mass; E = mc24.12* Doppler Shift for Light 狭义相对论与时空观狭义相对论与时空观Special Theory of RelativityFor inertial reference frames.General Theory of RelativityFor non-inertial reference frames.(1916)cv Albert Einstein ( 1879 1955 )1921: Nobel prize(1905)Quantum of Light(1

3、905) 爱因斯坦的哲学观念：自然界该当是调和而简单的爱因斯坦的哲学观念：自然界该当是调和而简单的. 实际特征：实际特征： 出于简单而归于深奥出于简单而归于深奥. 4.1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity In two inertial frames A and B,which relative velocity is Inertial frame is one in which Newtons law holdconstant BAvpBpAaa The particles velocity isThe acceleration is BApBpArrrBApBpA

4、vvvpBpAamam pBpAFF According to Newtons second law 经典力学的相对性原理经典力学的相对性原理 Observers in different inertial framed agree on the net force acting on an object.Newtons second law Galilean-Newtonian Relativity to MechanicspApAamF pBpBamF Galilean-Newtonian Relativity to Mechanics : that the basic laws of p

5、hysics are the same in all inertial reference frames.经典力学的相对性原理经典力学的相对性原理:对于任何惯性参照系对于任何惯性参照系 , 牛顿力学牛顿力学的规律都具有一样的方式的规律都具有一样的方式 . All inertial reference frames are equivalent for the description of mechanical phenomena.伽利略变换伽利略变换当当 时时0tt oo与与 重合重合txxvyy zz tt 位置坐标变换公式位置坐标变换公式经典力学以为经典力学以为 1空间的量度是绝对的空间的

6、量度是绝对的, 与参考系无关；与参考系无关； 2时间的量度也是绝对的时间的量度也是绝对的, 与参考系无关与参考系无关 .The Spacetime Coordinates of An Event(事件事件): (x,y,z,t)(x,y,z)(x,y,z)(事件事件)Four-Dimensional Space-Timezzaayyaa xxaa加速度变换公式加速度变换公式aaamF amFvxxuuyyuu zzuu 伽利略速度变换公式伽利略速度变换公式 在两相互作匀速直线运动的惯性在两相互作匀速直线运动的惯性系中，牛顿运动定律具有一样的方式系中，牛顿运动定律具有一样的方式.x xy yvo

7、 oz z ss*) , , (),(zyxzyxPx xt vz z yy伽利略变换伽利略变换相对于不同的参考系相对于不同的参考系 ,长度和时间的丈量结果是一样的吗长度和时间的丈量结果是一样的吗? 绝对时空概念：时间和空间的量度和参考系无关绝对时空概念：时间和空间的量度和参考系无关 , 长度和时间的丈量是绝对的长度和时间的丈量是绝对的.牛顿的绝对时空观牛顿的绝对时空观牛顿力学的相对性原理牛顿力学的相对性原理二二 经典力学的绝对时空观经典力学的绝对时空观注注 意意 牛顿力学的相对性原理，在宏观、低牛顿力学的相对性原理，在宏观、低速的范围内，是与实验结果相一致的速的范围内，是与实验结果相一致的

8、. 实际已证明实际已证明 , 绝对时空观是不正确的绝对时空观是不正确的. 对于不同的惯性系对于不同的惯性系,电磁景象根本规律的方式是一样吗？电磁景象根本规律的方式是一样吗？真空中的光速真空中的光速m/s10998. 21800c 对于两个不同的惯性参考系对于两个不同的惯性参考系 , 光速满足伽利略变换吗光速满足伽利略变换吗 ？?v ccx xy yvo oz z ssc球球投投出出前前cdcdt 112tt v cdt2结果结果:察看者先看到投出后的球，后看到投出前的球察看者先看到投出后的球，后看到投出前的球. 试计算球被投出前后的瞬间，球所发出的光波到试计算球被投出前后的瞬间，球所发出的光波

9、到达察看者所需求的时间达察看者所需求的时间. (根据伽利略变换根据伽利略变换)球球投投出出后后vcv 900 多年前公元多年前公元1054年年5月一次著名的超新星迸发，月一次著名的超新星迸发， 这次迸发的残骸构成了著名的金牛星座的蟹状星云。北宋天文这次迸发的残骸构成了著名的金牛星座的蟹状星云。北宋天文学家记载从公元学家记载从公元 1054年年 1056年均能用肉眼察看年均能用肉眼察看, 特别是开场特别是开场的的 23 天天, 白天也能看见白天也能看见 .km/s1500v物质飞散速度物质飞散速度l = 5000 光年光年cvcAB 当一颗恒星在发生超新星迸发时当一颗恒星在发生超新星迸发时, 它

10、的外围物质向它的外围物质向四面八方飞散四面八方飞散, 即有些抛射物向着地球运动即有些抛射物向着地球运动, 现研讨超现研讨超新星迸发过程中光线传播引起的疑问新星迸发过程中光线传播引起的疑问 .实践继续时间约为实践继续时间约为 22 个月个月, 这怎样解释这怎样解释 ?年25ABttt实际计算察看到超新性迸发的强光的时间继续约实际计算察看到超新性迸发的强光的时间继续约l = 5000 光年光年cvckm/s1500v物质飞散速度物质飞散速度ABvcltA A 点光线到达点光线到达地球所需时间地球所需时间cltBB 点光线到达点光线到达地球所需时间地球所需时间 4.2 The Michelson-M

11、orley ExperimentMichelsons Interferometer 迈克尔孙迈克尔孙 莫雷实验莫雷实验 为了丈量地球相对于为了丈量地球相对于“以太的运动以太的运动 , 1881年年迈克尔孙用他自制的干涉仪进展丈量迈克尔孙用他自制的干涉仪进展丈量, 没有结果没有结果 . 1887年他与莫雷以更高的精度重新做了此类实验年他与莫雷以更高的精度重新做了此类实验,仍得到零结果仍得到零结果,即未观测到地球相对即未观测到地球相对“以太的运动以太的运动 .LG1G2Michelsons Interferometer2)12(2221221 mmLdd mL 221 Lm 221If M2 is

12、 moved by , then andthe fringe pattern is shifted by one fringe 2 L 211 mN2 NL N 21M1LM1LM1LvsGM1M2TG M1 Gvvclclt1G M2 G22212ccltv22cltcv2222clN v G M2c22vcv-M2 Gcv-22vcvsM2M1l12GMGMGT设设“以太参考系为以太参考系为S系，实验室为系，实验室为 系系 s s从从 系看系看2222clN v m/s103,nm500,m104vl4 . 0N 人们为维护人们为维护“以太观念作了种种努力，以太观念作了种种努力， 提出了各

13、种实际提出了各种实际 ，但这些实际或与天文察看，或与其它的实验相矛盾，最后均以但这些实际或与天文察看，或与其它的实验相矛盾，最后均以失败告终失败告终 .仪器可丈量精度仪器可丈量精度01. 0N 实验结果实验结果 未察看到地球相对于未察看到地球相对于“以太的运动以太的运动. 0NMichelsons InterferometerMichelsons Interferometer 46Michelsons Interferometer 46 1. The Relativity Postulate: 4.3 Postulates of the Special Theory Relativity Th

14、e laws of physics are the same form in all inertial reference frames. No frame is perfected. 2. Constancy of the Speed of Light Postulate: Light propagates through empty space with a definite speed c independent of the speed of the source or observer. The Ultimate Speed:cv smcv/458 792 299一狭义相对论的根本原

15、理一狭义相对论的根本原理 1爱因斯坦相对性原理：物理定律在一切的爱因斯坦相对性原理：物理定律在一切的惯性系中都具有一样的表达方式惯性系中都具有一样的表达方式 . 2光速不变原理：光速不变原理： 真空中的光速是常量，它真空中的光速是常量，它与光源或察看者的运动无关，即不依赖于惯性系的与光源或察看者的运动无关，即不依赖于惯性系的选择选择. 关键概念：相对性和不变性关键概念：相对性和不变性 . 相对性原理是自然界的普遍规律相对性原理是自然界的普遍规律. 一切的惯性参考系都是等价的一切的惯性参考系都是等价的 . 伽利略变换与狭义相对论的根本原理不符伽利略变换与狭义相对论的根本原理不符 . The Re

16、lativity of Simultaneity 4.4 Simultaneity事件事件 1 :车厢后壁接纳器接纳到光信号车厢后壁接纳器接纳到光信号. 事件事件 2 :车厢前壁接纳器接纳到光信号车厢前壁接纳器接纳到光信号. 和光速不变严密联络在一同的是：在某一惯性系中同时发生的两和光速不变严密联络在一同的是：在某一惯性系中同时发生的两个事件，在相对于此惯性系运动的另一惯性系中察看，并不一定是个事件，在相对于此惯性系运动的另一惯性系中察看，并不一定是同时发生的同时发生的 . The Relativity of Simultaneityv x y o121236912369 x y o12xyo

17、v123691236912369Event 2 ),(111txP),(222txPFrame S (on Earth)Frame S (in train),(111txPEvent 1),(222txP12tt (Simultaneity)012 tttIn S :12tt 012 tttIn S:12xx A Closer Look at Simultaneity (2 ) The Relativity of The Time Interval 4.5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox运运 动动 的的 钟钟 走走 得得 慢慢 The Relativity

18、 of the Time IntervalcDt20 cLt2 0tt 2221DtvL (时间的延缓时间的延缓) Proper Time Interval (固有时间固有时间 )The proper time is the time interval between two events occur at the same location in an inertial reference frame.cDt20 (proper time) Time Dilation (时间延缓时间延缓 )cLt2 0tt Clocks moving relative to an observer are

19、measured by that observer to run more slowly (as compared to clocks at rest)20)(1cvtt 20222tc21tv21Dtv21L)()(0tt cv 112(Lorentz factor)(speed parameter)cL2t 2tcL 2022)()()(tctvtc Time Dilation (时间延缓时间延缓 )cDt20 The Lorentz Factor211 cv The speed parameter1 cv 0tt The Tests of Time Dilation27.289994.0

20、111122 1. Microscopic ClocksThe lifetime of muons () in the rest frame is :st 200. 20 When the muons are moving at speed v =0.9994c :stt 51.630 2. Macroscopic Clocks0tt The Time Dilation (2 ) In a traveling boxcar, a well-equipped hobo fires a laser pulse from the front of the boxcar to its rear. Is

21、 our measurement of the speed of the pulse greater than, less than, or the same as that measurement by the hobo? (b) Is his measurement of the flight time of the pulse a proper time? (c) Are his measurement and our measurement of the flight time related by ?Solution:CP.1(H.p.928)0tt (a) Same (By the

22、 speed of postulate).(b) no.The proper time is the time interval between two events occur at the same location in an inertial reference frame.(c) no.cAB Your starship passes Earth with a relative speed of 0.9990c. After traveling 10.0y (your time), you stop at lookout post LP13, turn, and then trave

23、l back to Earth with the same relative speed. The trip back takes another 10.0y (your time). How long does the round trip take according to measurements made on Earth? (Neglect any effects due to the accelerations involved with stopping, turning, and getting back up to speed.)Solution:Ex.2 (H.p.928)

24、Event 1: the start of the trip at EarthEvent 2: the end of the trip at LP13.t1=0t1=0t2t2yt0 .100 In your frame:In Earth frame:yycvtt224999. 0110)(1220 In Earth frame:ytttotal4482 EP A student must complete a test in the teachers frame of reference S. The student puts on his rocket skates andsoon is

25、moving at a constant speed of 0.75c relativity to the teacher. When 1h (one hour) has passed on the teachers clock, how much time has passed on a clock that moves with the student, as measured by the teacher?Solution:Ex.3h1t For a student rests in the teachers frame S :For a moving clock with the st

26、udent in frame S:20)(1cvtt 0tt 21 tthh66. 075. 0112 t1=0t1=0t2t2 The Twins Paradox (343)ABL0SallySally The Proper Length (Rest Length) 4.6 Length ContractionThe proper length L0 of the platform measured by Sam:The train moves through the length L0 in a time:(Sam) 0tvL AB(Sam) 0vLt Sam For Sally, Len

27、gth L of the platform :(Sally) 0tvL (Sally) vLt0BSallyvv0tvL Sally Length Contraction (长度收缩长度收缩)(Sam) 0tvL (Sally) 0tvL 0tt 1 00 ttLL2001 LLL 0L L(Contracted Length )The relative motion causes a length contraction!ABSallyvv0tvL ABSam : L0 0tvL In the figure, Sally (at point A) and Sams spaceship (of

28、 proper Length L0 =230m) pass each other with constant relative speed v. Sally measures a time interval of 3.57s for the ship to pass her. In terms of c , what is the relative speed v between Sally and the ship? Solution:Ex.4(H.p.931)tvL In Sallys frame:In Sams frame: L0201 )(cvLtv The relative spee

29、d:201LL cLtccLv210.0)(2020 The Tests of Time Dilation27.289994.0111122 1. Microscopic ClocksThe lifetime of muons () in the rest frame is :st 200. 20 When the muons are moving at speed v =0.9994c :stt 51.630 2. Macroscopic Clocks0tt A student must complete a test in the teachers frame of reference S

30、. The student puts on his rocket skates andsoon is moving at a constant speed of 0.75c relativity to the teacher. When 1h (one hour) has passed on the teachers clock, how much time has passed on a clock that moves with the student, as measured by the teacher?Solution:Ex.h1t hhtt66075011122. For a st

31、udent rests in the teachers frame S :For a moving clock with the student in frame S:t1=0t1=0t1t2 (a) C1 t t A friend of your travels by you in her fast sports car at a speed of 0.660c. It is measured in your frame to be 4.80m long and 1.25m high. (a) What will be its length andheight at rest? (b) Ho

32、w many seconds would you say elapsed on your friends watch when 20.0s passed on you?(c) How fast did you appear to be traveling according to your friend? (d) How many seconds would she say elapsed on your watch when she saw 20.0s pass on her? Solution:10(p.758) A friend of your travels by you in her

33、 fast sports car at a speed of 0.660c. It is measured in your frame to be 4.80m long and 1.25m high. (a) What will be its length andheight at rest? (b) How many seconds would you say elapsed on your friends watch when 20.0s passed on you?(c) How fast did you appear to be traveling according to your

34、friend? (d) How many seconds would she say elapsed on your watch when she saw 20.0s pass on her? Solution:10(p.758)狭义相对论的时空观狭义相对论的时空观 1 两个事件在不同的惯性系看来，它们的空间两个事件在不同的惯性系看来，它们的空间关系是相对的，关系是相对的， 时间关系也是相对的，只需将空间时间关系也是相对的，只需将空间和时间联络在一同才有意义和时间联络在一同才有意义. 2时时空不相互独立，而是不可分割的整体空不相互独立，而是不可分割的整体. 3光速光速 C 是建立不同惯性系间时

35、空变换的纽带是建立不同惯性系间时空变换的纽带. 3 时，时， .cv tt1时间延缓是一种相对效应时间延缓是一种相对效应 . 2时间的流逝不是绝对的，运动将改动时间的流逝不是绝对的，运动将改动时间的进程时间的进程.例如新陈代谢、放射性的衰变、例如新陈代谢、放射性的衰变、寿命等寿命等 . 留意留意The Spacetime Coordinates of An Event: (x,y,z,t)4.7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time AEvent x=3.7m, y=1.2m, z=0m, t=34.5s The Galilean Transformation Equatio

36、ns 4.8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformation ttvtxxy= y, z= z(Approximately valid at low speed) The Lorentz Transformation Equations cvxttzzyyvtxx)()(2- (valid at all physically possible speed) cvxttzzyyvtxx)() (2 The Galilean Transformation for Pair of Events -t , t , 12121212 ttxxxttxxx Let label Ev

37、ent 1 for x1 , t1 and Event 2 for x2 , t2 , then tttvxx ttvtxx The Lorentz Transformation for Pair of Events cvxttzzyyvtxx)()(2- cxvttzzyytvxx)()(2- cxvttzzyytvxx)() (2 The Lorentz Transformation ( 130 ) For each situation, if we choose the blue frame to be stationary, then is v in the equations of

38、Table 38-2 a positive or negative quantity ? Solution:CP3.(p.933)(a) positive cxvtttvxx2)( 2.)( 1. cxvtttvxx2)( 2.) ( . 1 (b) negative (c) positive Table 38-2 SimultaneityConsequences of the Lorentz Transformation Equations cxvtt)(2 If two events occur at difference places in S: 0 x and the events a

39、re simultaneous in S: 0t 211 cv (simultaneous in S )In S： 0t 2cxvt 0 t 0 x ( not simultaneous in S ) SimultaneityConsequences of the Lorentz Transformation Equations cxvtt)(2 If two events occur at difference places in S: 0 x 2cxvt and the events are simultaneous in S: 0t In S： 0 t 211 cv 0 x Time D

40、ilation 0 x 0t t In S: )(t cxvtt 0tt The Galilean Transformation for Pair of Events -t , t , 12121212 ttxxxttxxx Let label Event 1 for x1 , t1 and Event 2 for x2 , t2 , then tttvxx ttvtxx The Lorentz Transformation for Pair of Events cvxttzzyyvtxx)()(2- cxvttzzyytvxx)()(2- cxvttzzyytvxx)() (2 Length

41、 Constant in Galilean Transformation L)t (x)t (xxAB 00 )()(01LtxtxxAB t ttvx x xx0Lx If we put 0 and tLx 0 xtvx x x x LL 0The rods end points are measured simultaneously.0 t 0 t Length Contraction0Lx If we put )(tvxx 0 and tLx The rods end points are measured simultaneously.L)t (x)t (xxAB 00 )()(01L

42、txtxxAB xx0 t 0 t x)x( x 0LL0 20011 LLL As the ship follows a straight-line course first past the planet and then past the moon, it detects a high-energy microwave burst at the Reptulian moon base and then, 1.10s later, an explosion at the Earth outpost, which is 4.00108m from the Reptilian base as

43、measuredfrom the ships reference frame. The Reptulians haveobviously attacked the Earth outpost, so the starshipbegins to prepare for a confrontation with them.Solution:SP4.(p.935)mxxxbe81000. 4 stttbe10. 1 In S frame: Earth outpost (a) The speed of the ship relative to the planet and its moon is 0.

44、980c. What are the distance and timeinterval between the burst and the explosion as measuredin the planet-moon inertial frame? Solution:SP4.(p.935)mxxxbe81000. 4 stttbe10. 1 In S frame:0252. 5 In S frame: cxvtttvxx)()(2 mx810863 .st04. 1 cvinf Solution:SP4.(p.935)0101 s.tttbe 0041 s. t t tbe (b)What

45、 is the meaning of the minus sigh in the value for ? t In S frame:firstt,latertbe bett bett In S frame:later t,first tbe (c) Does the burst cause the explosion, or vice versa? In S frame:smsmtxv/1064. 310. 11000. 488inf Impossible!The burst dosent cause the explosion, they are unrelated events! 02 )

46、xcut(t xcut 2 uctx2 时序不变时序不变012ttt即事件即事件1先发生先发生假设假设 S 系系中中那么那么 系中：系中：Sxcut 2 uctx2 02 )xcut(t 时序变化时序变化即在即在 系中观测，事件系中观测，事件1有能够比事件有能够比事件2先发生、先发生、同时发生、或后发生，时序有能够倒置。同时发生、或后发生，时序有能够倒置。s与因果律能否矛盾？与因果律能否矛盾？有因果关联的事件之间的信号速率有因果关联的事件之间的信号速率uctxcu2 满足时序不变条件满足时序不变条件有因果关联的事件时序不变，无因果关联的事件有因果关联的事件时序不变，无因果关联的事件才能够发生时

47、序变化。才能够发生时序变化。Solution: In the old West, a marshal riding on a train traveling 50m/s sees a duel between two men standing on the Earth 50m apart parallel to the train. The marshals instruments indicate that in his reference frame the two men fired simultaneously, (a) Which of the two men, the first

48、one the train passes (A) or the second one (B) should be arrested for firing the first shot? That is, in the gunfighters frame of reference, who fired first? (b) How much earlier did he fire? (c) Who was struck first?22(p.759)Solution: In the old West, a marshal riding on a train traveling 50m/s see

49、s a duel between two men standing on the Earth 50m apart parallel to the train. The marshals instruments indicate that in his reference frame the two men fired simultaneously, (a) Which of the two men, the first one the train passes (A) or the second one (B) should be arrested for firing the first s

50、hot? That is, in the gunfighters frame of reference, who fired first? (b) How much earlier did he fire? (c) Who was struck first?22(p.759)0108214 stttAB.ABABTTTT 0,ABABTTTT 0 The Galilean Velocity Transformation )cvdxdt(dt)vdtdx(dx2 ttvtxx dtdtvdtdxdxvdtdxdtdxvuuxx The Lorentz Velocity Transformatio

51、n21 cvuvuuxxx/ vuucvxx The Lorentz Velocity Transformation21c/vuvuuxxx 2(1 /)yyxuuu v c2(1 /)zzxuuu v c The Lorentz Velocity Transformation (40)cvuvuu/1 4.9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass Classical Momentum(low speed)dtdxmvmp00 牛顿定律与光速极限的矛盾牛顿定律与光速极限的矛盾tmtmtpFddddddv)v (mFa 物体在恒力作用下的运动物体在恒力作用下的运动att0

52、vv经典力学中物体的质量与运动无关经典力学中物体的质量与运动无关tvC0vo tv Classical Momentum(low speed)dtdxmvmp00 Relativity Momentummvp Relation of Mass and Velocity201 mmm0 0 1mmcvv ,. 0mconstm1cv2light0v, , , , . 4.10 The Ultimate Speed The Ultimate Speedsmcv/458 792 299 No entity that carries energy or information can exceed t

53、he limit c.Testing the speed of light postulate 0Neutral pion: v = 0.99975c Newtons 2nd Law in Relativity 4.11 Energy and Mass; E = mc2dtpdFvmp0 2001 mmm The Relativistic Kinetic EnergyFor a particle, Using the work- energy theoremKenergykineticvvelocity-0 : ,0 :FWK v0LLFvdpdsdtdpFdsWK The Relativis

54、tic Kinetic EnergyThe Relativistic Kinetic Energy2020222020220200200 1 1 cmmccvcmmvcvvdvmmvmvdvmvmvvdvdpKvvvvvv /)(2001 mmm202cmmcK cv20vm21K (classical kinetic energy)(Relativistic kinetic energy) The Relativistic Kinetic Energy2001 mmm202cmmcK 00 Mass Energy (Rest Energy)2001 mmm202cmmcK 200cmEKcm

55、mc 202 Total EnergyKcmKEE 2002mcE Momentum and Kinetic Energy2001 mmm202cmmcK 202222cKmKcp422220cmcpEKcmE 20 爱因斯坦以为爱因斯坦以为1905 懒惰性懒惰性 惯性惯性 ( inertia )活泼性活泼性 能量能量 ( energy ) 物体的懒惰性就物体的懒惰性就是物体活泼性的度量是物体活泼性的度量 .质能关系预言：物质的质量就是能量的一种贮藏质能关系预言：物质的质量就是能量的一种贮藏 .电子的静质量电子的静质量 kg10911. 0300mMeV511. 0J1019. 81420cm

56、电子的静能电子的静能 MeV938J10503. 11020cm质子的静能质子的静能 k202EcmmcE相对论质能关系相对论质能关系 1千克的物体所包含的静能千克的物体所包含的静能 J109161千克汽油的熄灭值为千克汽油的熄灭值为 焦耳焦耳 .7106 . 4 静能静能 ：物体静止时所具有的能量：物体静止时所具有的能量 .20cm质子的静质量质子的静质量 kg10673. 1270m质能关系预言：物质的质量就是能量的一种贮藏。质能关系预言：物质的质量就是能量的一种贮藏。 相对论能量和质量守恒是一个一致的物理规律。相对论能量和质量守恒是一个一致的物理规律。1千克的物体所包含的静能千克的物体所

57、包含的静能 J109161千克汽油的熄灭值为千克汽油的熄灭值为 焦耳焦耳 .7106 . 4例：例：J109,kg1162000cmEm现有现有 100 座楼，每楼座楼，每楼 200 套房，每套房用电功率套房，每套房用电功率 10000 W ，总功率，总功率 ，每天用电，每天用电 10 小时小时 ，年耗电量年耗电量 ，可用约，可用约 33 年。年。 W1028J1072. 215例：在一种热核反响中，各种粒子的静质量如下：例：在一种热核反响中，各种粒子的静质量如下： 求：反响释放的能量。求：反响释放的能量。 nHeHH10423121 kg103.3437H)(27D21 mkg105.044

58、9H)(27T31 mkg106.6425He)(27He42 mkg101.6750n)(27n10 m氘核氘核氚核氚核氦核氦核中子中子)kg(100311. 027)()(nHeTD0mmmmm 反响质量亏损反响质量亏损J10799. 2122mcE释放能量释放能量1 kg 核燃料释放能量核燃料释放能量(J/kg)103.3514TD mmE 锂原子的核反响锂原子的核反响HeHeBeHLi4242841173两粒子所具有的总动能两粒子所具有的总动能MeV3 .17kE0.01855ukg1008. 3292kcEm两粒子质量比静质量添加两粒子质量比静质量添加0.01864um1.00783

59、uHm7.01601uLim4.00260uHem实际计算和实验结果相符实际计算和实验结果相符实验丈量实验丈量H11Li37He42He42kg1066. 1u127k202EcmmcE物理意义物理意义2mcE 2mcE 惯性质量的添加和能量的添加相联络，质量的惯性质量的添加和能量的添加相联络，质量的大小应标志着能量的大小，这是相对论的又一极其大小应标志着能量的大小，这是相对论的又一极其重要的推论重要的推论 . 相对论的质能关系为开创原子能时代提供了实际根底相对论的质能关系为开创原子能时代提供了实际根底, 这是一个具有划时代的意义的实际公式这是一个具有划时代的意义的实际公式 .四质能公式在原子

60、核裂变和聚变中的运用四质能公式在原子核裂变和聚变中的运用n2SrXenU109538139541023592u22.0m质量亏损质量亏损原子质量单位原子质量单位 kg1066. 1u127放出的能量放出的能量MeV2002cmEQ1g 铀 235 的原子裂变所释放的能量J105 . 810Q1 核裂变核裂变我国于我国于 1958 年建成的首座重水反响堆年建成的首座重水反响堆2 轻核聚变轻核聚变HeHH42212124MeVJ1087. 3)(122cmEQ释放能量释放能量kg103 . 4u026. 029m质量亏损质量亏损 轻核聚变条件轻核聚变条件 温度要到达温度要到达 时，使时，使 具具有