英国文学史-名词解释

1、1.Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2.Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival whic

2、h originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3.Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.4.Enlightenment: a revival of

3、interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5.Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6.Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points o

4、f romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7.Byronic Heroes

5、: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom, named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.8.Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narra

6、tive point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9.Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10.Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts

7、and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.11.Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒

8、 Christian(基督徒2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫( national epic 民族史诗 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法例子:of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350 Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士 是一首押头韵的长诗三、

9、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵 lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of

10、 life and social groups.小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信 and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运.4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣

11、:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上.代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪 文艺复兴时期(Greek and Roman戏剧drama 诗章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a

12、 revival of classical (Greek and Roman arts andsciences. 文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama1、key work: humanism 人文主义:admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist 3、

13、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗:form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poets poet(诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史诗 5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧:H

14、amlet,Othello,King Lear,The Tragedy of Macbeth五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点:the Puritans(清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysi

15、cal”poets (玄学派诗人 的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗Death be not proud(笔记2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet 诗人Defense for the English PeopleParadise Lost“Satan is not a villain”Paradise Regained、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言”Pilgrims Progress天路历程prose 散文六、The Age of Enlightenm

16、ent (18世纪 启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false

17、 religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still he

18、ld strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18th century 文学的三个方面:Classicism(古典主义、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the

19、modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说 3、代表人物:1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel:Robinson CrusoeJonathan WildMoll Flanders2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父 Joseph Andrews3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travelsnovel 反讽作品特点:no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the ton

20、e is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832浪漫主义散文prose 1、前浪漫主义代表人物:William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Re

21、volution and the French Revolution2、教育意义Educational:liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志: beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads4、lake poets(湖畔诗人:Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物:1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯poet-laureate (桂冠诗人作品特点:simplicity and purity of

22、 the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德?哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作Don Juan唐璜poem 诗satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness闲散时刻poem 诗the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unboun

23、d解放的普罗米修斯drama 戏剧Ode to the West Wind西风颂poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈poet 诗人The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女

24、Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点:the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founderof the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发

25、起人。7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点:In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century

26、it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期humanism 人文主义1、意义:Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。2、代表人物:1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯Har

27、d Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点:describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女ShirleyJane EyreEmily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄(主人公:Mr. Heathcliff特点:brought to the novel an intro

28、spection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Tha

29、ckeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物:Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and mea

30、ns.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点: novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarchHer preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是