物理学量的绝对性与相对性（上）

1、 Strange symbols of dreams物理学量的绝对性与相对性（上）胡良Absolute and Relativity of Physical QuantitiesHu Liang深圳市宏源清实业有限公司摘要：如果一个孤立量子体系统的背景空间不随时间改变，则该孤立量子体系统的总能量将不随时间改变。同样的道理，一个系统具有旋转对称性，就可得到角动量守恒。量子力学系统对称性与量子角动量守恒相对应；电子的电荷及自旋守恒体现了电子所遵循的对称性。电动势可分为两种：感生电动势及动生电动势。对于感生电动势来说，根据法拉第感应定律，处于含时磁场的闭电路，由于磁场随着时间而改变，会有感生电动势出

2、现于闭电路。感生电动势等于电场沿着闭电路的路径积分。处于闭电路的带电粒子会感受到电场，因而产生电流。关键词：背景空间，电子，电荷，感生电动势，动生电动势，电偶极矩,电极化强度,电位移,荷质比，电量，质量，法拉第效应，光波，磁场，拉格朗日量，最小作用量，对称性，电流，电荷，电能量，伽利略时空,闵可夫斯基时空，欧几里得时空，散射，入射粒子，靶粒子，规范场论，光电效应，万有引力，麦克斯韦方程组，波函数，自由粒子，波粒二象性，膨胀，收缩，相对论因子，温度，压强，理想气体，分子热运动，温标，信息熵，熵，不确定性原理，能量，电荷，质量，荷质比，洛伦兹力，电场强度，磁场强度 ，电磁场，暗物质，光子，电子，质

3、子，规范不变性，中子，相对论，量子力学，电磁学，量子化，背景空间，对称性，因果律，相位因子，动量，能量作者：总工，高工，硕士，副董事长The content of the sixth part, the inner logic of electromagnetism0 PrefaceThe electric field strength (E) is the ratio of the electrostatic force (F) experienced by a charge placed at a point in the electric field to its charge (q).

4、It can be expressed as: E=F/q,in,E， electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2);F， electrostatic force, dimension, *L(1)T(-2);q， charge amount, dimension, .From another perspective, it can also be expressed as: E=U/(Sd）/q/(S*d=(U/d）/(q/d)=U/q,in,E， electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2);U，

5、voltage (volts), dimension, *L(1)T(-2);q， charge amount, dimension, ;S, area, dimension, L(2)T(0)L(1)T(0).According to classical physics, it is known that F=m；in,F，force, dimension, *L(1)T(-2);m， mass, dimension, ;， acceleration, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;Xe， polarizabil

6、ity, dimension, L(0)T(0);E， electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T (0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;E， electric field strength, dimension

7、, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(-2)T(1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1).The second case, if the medium is moving and absorbs photons;Then there is, Ekn=Q* H=Q（jfC）+QpDt+QVPSp+nf；in,Ekn, the total energy of th

8、e system, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);Q ，Total charge (total effective charge), dimension, ;H， auxiliary magnetic field (equivalent to electric flux), dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(0);， Plancks constant of photon, dimension, *L(2)T(-2)L(0)T(-1)-L(3)T(-1)L(3

9、)T(-2);(Vpfp)， express charge, dimension, ;(C2p)， express the electric field (flux) corresponding to the charge, dimension, ;(Vpfp)f，the relative magnetic charge expressed in the wire, dimension, -L(3)T(-2)L(3)T(-1);(Vpfp)fp，express magnetic charge, dimension, ;Cp(2， express the magnetic field (flux

10、) corresponding to the magnetic charge, dimension, .Ve，the space charge of the electron, dimension, ;Ve， electron intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity (signal velocity), dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2

11、)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0);, negative charge unit (convergence property), dimension, ;, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, the number of charges (free charge and bound charge), dimension, L(0)T(0);, Planck frequency, dimension, .2 The meaning of electric and m

12、agnetic fieldsFor electrons, the expression is: ；in, express a negative charge (convergence property), quantization, dimension, ;, express electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-2).For spin electrons, its expression is, ；in, expressing the magnetic charge of the electron (convergent p

13、roperty), quantization, dimension, ;, expressing the magnetic flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-1).For protons, the expression is:；in, express positive charge (convergent property), quantization, dimension, ;, expressing electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-2).For spin pr

14、otons, the expression is, ；in, express the magnetic charge of proton (convergent property), dimension, ;, expressing the magnetic flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0);, Planck frequency, dimension, ;， Planck space, dimension, .3 The meaning of Maxwells

15、equationsMaxwells equations express the partial differential equations of the connection between electric field, magnetic field, charge density, and current density; it consists of four equations: first, Gausss law, which expresses how electric fields are generated by electric charges; second, Gauss

16、s law of magnetism; third , Faradays law of induction, which expresses how a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field; fourth, Maxwell-Amperes law, which expresses how a current and a time-varying electric field produce a magnetic field.Maxwells equations are composed of four equations

17、:First, Gausss law,This law expresses the relationship between the electric field and the distribution of electric charges in space; electric field lines start with positive charges and end with negative charges.The total charge contained within a given closed surface can be known by counting the nu

18、mber of electric field lines (electric flux) passing through that closed surface. In more detail, the law expresses the connection between the electric flux through any closed surface and the charge within that closed surface.Gausss law can be expressed as: ；in,，, electric field strength, dimension,

19、 L(1)T(-2)L(2)T(0);, charge (convergence property), dimension, ;, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, the volume enclosed by the closed surface, dimension, L(3)T(0)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) L(3)T(-2).This means that the electric field flux passing through an arbitrary closed surface is proportional

20、 to the amount of electric charge inside it; the electric field flux (field property) cannot disappear out of thin air after starting from the electric charge (particle property), nor can it be created out of thin air. That is, the electric charge (particle property) and the corresponding electric f

21、ield flux (field property) make up a whole substance (eg, electron).Obviously, the left side of the equation reflects the field property; the right side of the equation reflects the charge property.Furthermore, assuming that there is no source of charge (passive field), the electric flux () entering

22、 the closed surface is equal to the electric flux () leaving the closed surface.It is worth noting that elementary particles with positive electrical properties (containing positive charges) are elementary particles; elementary particles with negative electrical properties (containing negative charg

23、es) are also elementary particles and can exist independently.It is worth mentioning that, according to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,For electrons, its expression is: ；in, express a negative charge, quantized, dimension, ;, expressing electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L

24、(3)T(-2).Assuming that there are N electrons contained in the closed surface, there are,In the first case,The total charge is, , dimension, ;The corresponding number of electric field lines (electric flux) passing through a given closed surface is,NC2*p, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(3)T(-2).In other words,

25、 magnetic charge (), convergence property, dimension, .Electric flux (), divergence property, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T(0) ;, Planck length, dimension, ;, closed curve, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(1

26、)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(0) L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(0) ;, Planck length, dimension, ;, closed curve, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1);, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, Planck time, dimension, .On the right side of this formula,The first, reveals that an electric curren

27、t （I ） can generate a magnetic field (eg, an energized coil acts as a magnet).The second term, reveals that the accumulation of the induced magnetic field on the space loop is proportional to the rate of change of the electric field flux.In short, the equation reflects the conservation of magnetic f

28、lux (), dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1).charge (), convergence property , dimension, ;Magnetic flux (), divergence property , dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) .， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;， Planck length, dimension, ;t,time,

29、dimension, L(0)T(1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;J, conduction current, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;S

30、， surface area, dimension, L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)-L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0);Qf, free charge inside the closed surface ( ), dimension, .Second, Gausss law of magnetismdifferential expression, B=0；in,B, magnetic field strength, dimension, L(1

31、)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0);p, Planck length, dimension, ;B, the magnetic flux passing through the surface (S ) enclosed by the closed path, dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)-L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(

32、0), or, L(1)T(-1) ;0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;D, electric displacement, dimension, L(1)T(-1);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-2)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) ;0=tp, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ；tp, Planck t

33、ime, dimension, 。Integral expression, SEda = Q0 ；in,E, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0);Q, the total charge in the closed surface (S), dimension, ;0=tp, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;tp, Planck time, dimension, .Second, Gausss law of magnetismDifferential Expressions,

34、 B=0；in,B， magnetic field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0);p, Planck length, dimension, ;B, the magnetic flux passing through the surface ( S) enclosed by the closed path, dime

35、nsion, L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0)L(0)T(-1) ;0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0, vacuum permittivity (vacuum dielectric constant), dimension, ;, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(3)T(-2);Q, the total charge in the closed surface, dime

36、nsion, ;0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;, the total current passing through the surface ( ) enclosed by the closed path, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1);, permittivity (dielectric constant), dimension, ;, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);, permeability, dimension, ;H,

37、 auxiliary magnetic field (equivalent to electric flux), dimension, L(3)T(-2).Maxwells equation proves from another angle that matter is composed of charges (electric charge, magnetic charge, mass charge) and corresponding fields (electric field, magnetic field, mass field).The movement speed of the

38、 charge (electric charge, magnetic charge, mass charge) cannot exceed the speed of light in vacuum (the maximum signal speed), and the connection between the fields is over-distance.This means that matter has the duality of signal speed and over-distance.It is worth mentioning that,Article 1,An elec

39、trostatic field cannot generate a magnetic field;Article 2,The directional movement of charges produces conduction current (I); the essence of conduction current (I) is the directional movement of free charges; the current (I) generates Joule heating when passing through a conductor.Article 3,At the

40、 two poles of the parallel capacitor plate, the increase (or decrease) of the charge can generate a displacement current (D); the essence of the displacement current is a changing electric field; the displacement current does not generate Joule heat.Article 4,Displacement current (D) and conduction

41、current (I) have in common that both can excite magnetic fields in space.For physical systems, the sources of magnetic moments fall into two broad categories:first categoryA magnetic moment is created due to the movement of the electric charge to generate an electric current. If all current density

42、distributions (all charge positions and velocities) are known, the magnetic moment can be calculated.Magnetic moment (vector) refers to a physical property of a magnet; a magnet in an external magnetic field will be affected by the moment, causing its magnetic moment to be aligned along the directio

43、n of the magnetic field lines of the external magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic moment of the magnet is from the south pole of the magnet to the north pole of the magnet.According to the right-hand rule, four fingers are bent towards the direction of the current, and the thumb is straigh

44、tened, then the direction pointed by the thumb is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment; the magnetic dipole moment of a current-carrying cycle can be expressed as, =I(2)a；in, magnetic dipole moment, dimension, *L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(5)T(-3);, magnetic dipole mo

45、ment, dimension, *L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)*L(1)T(0) L(5)T(-3).The second categoryElementary particles (electrons and protons, etc.) generate magnetic moments due to their intrinsic spin; however, the magnitudes of the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles (electrons, protons

46、, etc.) are all physical constants.The direction of the magnetic moment depends on the spin direction of the particle, for example, if the measured value of the electrons magnetic moment is negative; this means that the electrons magnetic moment is in the opposite direction to its intrinsic spin.Ele

47、ctron can be expressed as: C2p =Cp(2)=(Cp)p=Cp=Ve Ve(3) =（Vefe )Ve(2)e = meVe(2)*e .Obviously, the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron can be expressed as: =geBSi ;in,=(Vpfp)fpp, the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron,Dimension, *L(1)T(0);ge, the electrons Lande factor, dimension, ;Si=,

48、 electron intrinsic spin, dimension, ;, Plancks constant, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);B=(eme), Bohr magneton, dimension, ;e=(Vpfp), the basic charge of the electron, dimension, ;me, the mass of the electron, dimension, .The meaning of resistance and currentResistance (R) is a physical quantity that expres

49、ses the electrical conductivity of a conductor. Resistance (R) can be defined by the ratio of the voltage across a conductor (U) to the current (I) through that conductor, and can be expressed as, R=U/I ;in,R, resistance, dimension, ;U, voltage, dimension, *L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1).The resistance (R) can

50、be used to measure the strength of the resistance of the conductor to the current (the quality of the electrical conductivity).However, the reciprocal of resistance (1/R) is called conductance (), which is a physical quantity that expresses the conductivity of a conductor.Resistance (R) is a paramet

51、er that reveals the conductive properties of a conductor; for a cylindrical uniform conductor made of a certain material, its resistance (R) is proportional to its length (L) and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area (S);It can be expressed as: R= LS ；in,R, resistance, dimension, ;, res

52、istivity, dimension, ;L, the length of the conductive material, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(2)T(0);, conductance, dimension, .It is worth mentioning that the resistivity () is determined by the material of the conductor and the surrounding temperature, etc. It can be expressed as: =0（1+T）；, resistivity, di

53、mension, ;0, the temperature is the resistivity at 0, dimension, ;, is the temperature coefficient of resistance, dimension, ;T, temperature, dimension, L(3)T(-2),Or, *L(2)T(-2)L(3)T(0).It is worth noting that the resistivity of semiconductors and insulators, unlike metals, does not vary linearly wi

54、th temperature. As the temperature increases, their resistivity decreases sharply (indicating a nonlinear change).the nature of current,Under the action of electric field force, the free charges in the conductor can make regular directional movements to form current; however, the direction of direct

55、ional flow of positive charges is the current direction.Electric flux (E) is the flux of the electric field, which is proportional to the number of electric field lines passing through a curved surface, and is a physical quantity that characterizes the distribution of the electric field. The electri

56、c flux (E) is intrinsically related to the current (I) in the metal conductor, and its microscopic expression is: I=E/neS=E/S；in,I, current, dimension, ;E, electric flux, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(-3)T(0);e, charge (free charge), dimension, ;, charge density, dimension, L(0)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2);Q, cha

57、rge, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)L(2)T(0).It is worth mentioning that the force between the magnetic charges can be expressed as: Fqm=qm1 qm2r00=qm1 qm2rC;in,Fqm, the force between magnetic charges, dimension, *L(1)T(-1);qm1， the size of the first magnetic charge, dimen

58、sion, ;qm2， the size of the second magnetic charge, dimension, ;r， the distance between the two magnetic charges, dimension, L(1)T(0);0， vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;C， the maximum signal speed, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);U， voltage, dimension, *L(1)T(-2)L(

59、3)T(-2);Ek， kinetic energy of electron gas, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);p， momentum of electron gas, dimension, *L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;q, free charge, dimension, ;I, current carrying, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(0)T(0)L(0)T(0).It is worth mentioning that,When, 1=0，and, 2

60、=， when; the magnetic field strength of an infinitely long straight cut-off wire can be expressed as: B=(0qI)/2a。The intrinsic properties of isolated quantum systems are absolute; the properties between isolated quantum systems are relative.Assuming that the charge （q） moves through an electromotive