第四讲：语篇的衔接和连贯

1、第四讲翻译中语篇的衔接(xinji)和连贯Discourse:Cohesion and Coherence 共五十三页What is discourse?Language does not normally consist of isolated, unrelated sentences, but instead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse.Examples of Discourse: written story in a book; someone tellin

2、g a joke; a conversation between two friends共五十三页语篇语篇是指口头或书面语的一个单位。如一篇散文、一首诗歌、一次演讲、一份协议(xiy)、或其中意思比较完整的段落。以往翻译方法研究常停留在词和句的层面上，忽视语篇的整体性。共五十三页语篇的特点(tdin)与句子相比较，语篇有自己(zj)的特点。语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代、省略、照应；在语义逻辑上，全篇通常有手有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命题具有连贯性，而不是各不相关的。每个句子都起

3、着一定的承前起后的作用，句与句、段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。共五十三页语篇翻译(fny)与单句翻译(fny)的区别语篇翻译与单句翻译在翻译标准与技巧(jqio)等方面有许多共同之处。但语篇翻译还别具自己的特色，即它拥有一个范围较大的舞台语境。共五十三页英汉语(Hny)篇的异同汉语与英语虽然属于不同的语系，但在篇章结构上二者有异也有同。英语是主语显著(subject-prominent)的语言，它突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个句子都必须有主语。汉语则是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言，它突出的是主题而非主语。汉语篇章中某些句子的主语有的可以省略，有的必须省略，否则读起来别扭；

4、有的却比较朦胧，难以一眼看清，需要译者自去寻找(xnzho)。认清这一点差别对篇章的英汉互译颇为重要。共五十三页In Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing, Ulla Connor defines cohesion as “the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts.”These cohesive devices are phrases or

5、words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.一、语篇中的衔接(xinji)共五十三页Halliday & Hasan：衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系(gun x),它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语义联系。他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型: 指代（reference）替代（substitution）省略 (ellipsis) 连接 (conjunction) 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）共五十三页1指代(zh di)关系 Reference指代关系指词与所代表的

6、事物、行为(xngwi)、事件及特性之间的关系。这里所讲的指称仅限于两个语言表达语之间的一致关系。代词是语篇中的重要衔接手段。理清代词的指称关系，在翻译中是至关重要的。共五十三页我赤裸裸来到这世界(shji)，转眼间（我）也将赤裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的，(我)为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for noth

7、ing! (张培基，2002：74)Personal Reference共五十三页I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing! (张培基，2002：74)I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am to go back

8、as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? 张培基，2007共五十三页Demonstrative Reference这(些),那(些)- to refer to person or objects这儿,那儿,这里,那里 to refer to the location in space这会儿,那会儿 to refer to the location in time这么(

9、zh me),那么,这样,那样 to refer to quality, state and degree共五十三页2替代(tdi) substitute 替代是用一个(y )语言项目去替换另一个(y )语言项目。翻译时应理清语篇中的替代关系，才能根据英汉不同的语法结构，灵活转换，准确表达原文的意思。 共五十三页Type of substitute共五十三页SubstitutionHe has his own positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends; and will ask n

10、o advice of yours.它对于所有的事情都有明确的主见。就达到(d do)目的而言，其见解往往并非愚鲁之见；绝不会征求你的意见。Here we know that repetition is the phenomena that English tries to avoid but strongly favored by Chinese.共五十三页Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same. (J. Austin: Pride and Prejudice)达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐(xio ji)也拿起一本书来。(蔡基刚,200

11、3:10)共五十三页3. 省略(shngl) ellipsis 省略是因前面已经提过，没有必要再出现而省去句中的词或短语。 翻译时应理清语篇中省略的项目，才能根据英汉不同的语法结构，灵活转换，准确表达原文(yunwn)的意思。共五十三页EllipsisHe has no work to do-tyrannical insects to obey. The earthworm has his digging; the bee her gathering and building; the spider her cunning network; the ant her treasury and a

12、ccounts.他无所事事，不受任何残暴的虫子的摆布。蚯蚓(qi yn)要挖土打洞，蜜蜂要采蜜筑窝，蜘蛛要巧织迷网，蚂蚁要聚财盘宝。共五十三页Reading make a full man; Conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (F. Bacon: Of Studies)读书使人充实，讨论(toln)使人机智，笔记使人准确。(王佐良译)共五十三页夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的力气了；巩固(gngg)这个胜利，则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。It will not require much time a

13、nd efforts to win this victory, but to consolidate it will.共五十三页4连接(linji) conjunction 英文句子中词组、句子之间大多使用连接词表示相互的逻辑关系，因此，其句子的构成方式是形合。汉语句子关系往往是平行的，在句子的各个成分之间往往没有(mi yu)连词，句子成分是通过其内在的逻辑、意义关系结合在一起，因而是意合。共五十三页Halliday and Hasan (1976) analyze four major kinds of conjunction clauses in EnglishAdditive (typ

14、ically marked with “and”);Adversative (marked with words such as “but”);Causal (marked with “because” or “so,” etc.);Temporal (markers such as “and” or “and then”).共五十三页Examples: Harry is good at making oral presentations and he also writes very well.Harry is good at making oral presentations, but h

15、e is terrible with written reports.Harvey is good at making oral presentations, because he took a training program in presentations last year.Harvey gave a good oral presentation, then he ruined his chances with a bad written report.共五十三页但必须注意的是，尽管东西方文化和思维方面的差异使英汉两种语言(yyn)在语篇衔接手段上不同，英文以形合为主，汉语以意合为主，

16、但这些差异也是相对的，英语中有意合，汉语中也有形合，随着英汉两种语言的频繁接触，两种语言也在互相影响。英汉互译时，应根据连词在语篇中上下文的意思，灵活翻译。共五十三页Conjunction他小的时候(sh hou)，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了白糖回来。One day, when he was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead. (张培基,2002:18)(Adversative) 共五十三页人是很有趣的，往往在接触一

17、个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点(yudin)。Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.共五十三页According to

18、Halliday and Hasan, Lexical cohesion includes the following devices: repetition, synonymy & antonymy, collocation, etc. Michale McCarthy (1991) claims that the relations between vocabulary items in text described by Halliday and Hasan are of two principal kinds: reiteration and collocation. Based on

19、 Halliday& Hasan, Michale McCarthy, and Hu Zhuanglin, we propose that lexical cohesion have the following devices: reiteration, general word, synonymy, antonymy and collocation.5. Lexical cohesion 词汇(chu)衔接共五十三页词汇(chu)衔接词汇(chu)衔接指语篇中出现的一部分词汇(chu)相互之间存在语义上的联系，或重复，或由其他词语替代，或共同出现。在一文中重现与原文一致的词汇衔接是不可能的，

20、这就要求寻找一组巧妙的词汇衔接来替代原文中的词汇衔接。a.重复 b.泛指词 c.同义词 d.反义词 e.上下义关系搭配共五十三页同义词（中华民族洗雪了百年耻辱, 振奋了民族精神,）感到无比的骄傲和自豪。相对于英语(yn y)而言, 在一般语篇中汉语的同义词并列现象比较多, 它们译成英语后往往只用一个词便可以表达意义译文: It has wiped out the century-old humiliation of the Chinese nation and activated the national spirit, and we are very proud of it. 共五十三页同样

21、, 单个英语单词也可以译成并列的同义词来加强生动性。We must have this ambition.译文: 我们就是(jish)要有这个雄心壮志.共五十三页上下(shngxi)义关系You will need to take some tools with you; you can get a hammer, a saw and a screwdriver from big department stores.你得随身带上锤子(chu zi)、锯子和起子, 这些工具从百货商店就能买到。共五十三页搭配(dpi)虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大(jd)的进步,但还未完全实现平等就业机会。译文

22、: It is true that Chinese women have made enormous strides toward equality. But the goals of equal opportunity of employment for women have not been fully realized.共五十三页“实现平等就业机会” realize/ accomplish the goal/ aim”因此注意(zh y)搭配衔接手段的使用, 译成: “实现平等就业机会的目标”, 符合英语的表达。共五十三页With all the above cohesive devic

23、es combined, we have our own way on how to combine two sentences or several segments together in C-E translation. Although it cannot apply on all occasions, we do find it very helpful in guiding translation practices.共五十三页What makes a good text?I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode

24、 down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. 共五十三页Relationship between cohesion & coherenceA text may be cohesive without necessarily being coherent: cohesion does not spawn coherence. Conn

25、or writes: cohesion is determined by lexically and grammatically overt inter-sentential relationships, whereas coherence is based on semantic relationships.共五十三页连贯(lingun) coherenceIn Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse, Teun A Van Dijk (p.93) argues convincin

26、gly that coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and the reader.共五十三页语篇中的连贯(lingun) coherence 如果说衔接所实现的是语言表层形式和陈述之间的关系，那么

27、连贯则是指交际行为之间的统一关系。连贯是主观的，有赖于接受者对语篇的理解。如果语篇中包含的概念关系与读者原有的对事物(shw)的体验相符，那对该读者来说，该语篇是连贯的。由于不同的读者对世界的体验是不同的，所以在一个读者看来是连贯的语篇对另一个读者来说却可能是不连贯的。 共五十三页He took out his key and opened the door, and we all went to a stone hall, and bare gloomy and little used. (Great Expectation)他取出钥匙开了门，大家跟着走进一间石头砌成的大厅，里面空无人物(r

28、nw)，阴森森的，看来平时绝对少有人。共五十三页One moment hes in China. The next hes in Panama. Then, almost before you know it, Carter is swooping down on Africa. And this week, the former president is to convene negotiations between the government of Ethiopia and the Eritrean rebels.卡特一会儿跑到中国，一会儿跑到巴拿马，后来又神不知鬼不觉地对非洲(fi z

29、hu)来个突然袭击，而本周，这位美国前总统将埃塞俄比亚政府和厄立特里亚的反政府分子召集在一起，进行谈判。共五十三页翻译(fny)的难点在于接受者的文化和知识背景不同，对语篇会有不同的理解。因此，在理解的过程中，要注意结合交际情景和文化背景来理解原文意义，在翻译的过程中，要结合目的语的语言结构和文化背景知识来重构原作者的意图，形成新的连贯。共五十三页实现语篇连贯的手段，一般有以下三种:1运用(ynyng)语境 2运用非语言知识 3运用想象 共五十三页我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道(tido)，须跳下去又爬上去。父亲是一个胖子，走过去自然要费事些。我本来要去的

30、，他不肯，只好让他去。 I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself,

31、but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. 张培基Just outside the station were some vendors. To reach them he had to cross the lines, which involved jumping down from the platform and clambering up again. As my father is a stout man this was naturally not easy for him. But when I voluntee

32、red to go instead he would not hear of it. 杨宪益共五十三页Exercise:我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野的冬天，都集向热闹的城市里去了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备(zbi)，转首肯为摇头。我们坚信社会主义是有伟大的前途，我们坚信我国亿万人民有伟大的前途。这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这各种必要性正义性。共五十三页Same subject我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野(jio y)的冬天，都集向热闹的城市里去了。I guess the wealthy residents, (who are) unaccustomed to the c

33、old and lonesome winter there, must have swarmed into the bustling city.(中国翻译)共五十三页Same adverbials一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴(sh yn)，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。One spring evening, myriads of flowers were in full bloom in the garden where my parents held a party in honor of many guests. Their arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats.共五十三页我们坚信社会主义是有伟大(wid)的前途，我们坚信我国亿万人民有伟大(wid)的前途。(Repetition of verbs and same obj