太平洋岛屿世界多样化的国家型态与观念课件

1、Wk9：多样化的国家型态与观念第9单元第七周复习：主要的环境议题生物多样性的快速消减废弃物处理与污染暖化与极端气候大纲社会阶序：Big man, great man, chief转换的历史脉络 Big man, great man, chief解殖、建立国家多样的国家型态传统政治人物的法律地位当前议题社会阶序平权社会great man, big man性别阶序针对西方社会的文化批评阶序社会世袭地位：与创始祖先的系谱距离；在继嗣团体中的位置酋邦多数的波里尼西亚社会与密克罗尼西亚社会Great Man vs. Big ManSahlins big man society藉累积财富、交换、建立关系网

2、络Maurice Godeliers great man society军事能力、仪式地位等Great man society是平权社会吗？两性在空间、生产工具、武器等使用上的区隔男性宰制的意识形态孩子是谁孕育、养成的？等质或不等质的交换亦即人与物是否可交换从great man到big man 转换的历史脉络殖民力量的绥靖政策地方平静，交换网络扩大财富累积与交换成为可能Anthropological version of OrientalismBig men of seaboard Melanesia were partly creation of colonial pacification,

3、 European hegemony, Christianity and cash economy (Keesing: 187)高明的交换者、文化中人、募款人、生意人Recognizing our chiefsSubmittedbyArthur Wate on 4 May, 2005 - 10:41am.Editorial RAMSI chief James Batley was more than impressed after having talks with chiefs and church leaders in north Malaita last Friday.He was no

4、t only impressed with what the chiefs are doing out there, but also the significant improvement of law and order in the area.At the height of the civil unrest, north Malaita was referred to as the most dangerous and problematic region in Malaita Province.The majority ofMEF militantsare from north Ma

5、laita. In their reign, theyundermined and overtaken the authority of chiefs and church leaders.Lawlessness was rife in the area.Even after RAMSI arrived on 24 July 2003, lawlessness continues to persist.Production of the illegal home-brew kwaso and cultivation of marijuana were widespread.But all th

6、ese started to changewhenchiefs in partnership with the police, and support from community members, decided to take a stand.The stand is lawlessness cannot be tolerated in the communities.In concert, chiefs, church leaders and community members in partnership with the police carried out joint polici

7、ng of the communities.They reign in on kwaso production and marijuana cultivation the two main causes of disturbance in the communities by telling the producers and cultivators to put a stop to their illegal activities.Those who obeyed were spared prosecution. The ones who refused faced the full for

8、ce of the law.This approach had resulted in the return of peace and order into the communities of north Malaita.In commending the effort, Mr Batley said the chiefs and church leaders in north Malaita have set a fine example in community policing and partnership.Indeed they were.This example clearly

9、demonstrated that community policing works effectively well when there is trust and confidence between members of the public and the police.It also shows thatchiefs and church leaderscan play a very effective and influential role in the maintenance of law and order in their respective communities.An

10、d in isolated communities where law enforcement agencies are not immediately available, chiefs can play the role of a policeman asmediator between conflicting parties.This is not a new concept. Chiefs have long played an important role in the orderly running of their communities in traditional Solom

11、on Islands society.That role must not be taken away, but elevated to include the maintenance of law and order.The authority of chiefs should never be over-looked.chief？ big man？阶序与平权/photos/europeans/06.htm礼节；禁忌坟墓型式纹身图样服饰住家规格地位的区隔 (这里是说酋长的神圣性和政治权力互动的关系吗？)Pohnpei人工岛上的神圣空间CT Snow/photos/europeans/04.h

12、tmTakurar,楚克岛Weno地区的高阶酋长，与他的两位妻子走在小路上。他们戴耳饰、穿斗蓬，都是典型的楚克风格。妇人手上拿了渔网。帛琉The man is the Reklai, the high chief of Melekeok. His wife is Bilung, the sister of the paramount chief of Koror. Their marriage united the two major rival villages in Palau. 1905.酋长间婚姻结盟男子是 Reklai，Melekeok地区的高阶酋长；妻子是Bilung， Koror

13、地区最高酋长的姐妹。他们在1905年结婚，整合了两个主要的竞争对手。雅浦20世纪初的雅浦酋长。长凳右端的是Ruway Balebat的酋长, Lirow, Teb的酋长。 外显的高阶地位：发型、耳饰、纹身、树皮布衣酋长：新或旧有制度密克罗尼西亚酋长制的弹性相似系谱地位的竞争接触历史与酋长制的引入萨摩亚matai、所罗门与万那杜paramount chiefs、库克house of ariki或制度化斐济great council of chiefs、东加王室酋长制的制度化维护传统殖民时代制度在后殖民时代的合法化酋长制藉教会保存church chief殖民政府提供的领导位置人口记录、道路维护、公

14、共卫生庄园工作经验培养出的文化中人发展的领导者Kastom传统习俗成为政治符码文化本身的弹性与创造力低阶科罗酋长拜会日本官员Ibedul Louch与日本军官与其他酋长日本在帛琉建立了新势力-警察Jebrik,马久罗环礁两大高阶酋长(iroij)之一，身旁是他的妻子。人头税、义务劳动、死刑、放逐/photos/sokehs/18.htm德国统治下的武装抗争Ngenimun, Uman地方的酋长，它因战争中的勇猛而知名1901年与另外两位酋长同为德军被逮捕，并且流放波纳佩数年。解殖、建立国家多样的国家型态联合国的去殖民进程经济上自立的微弱机会主权Compact of Free Associati

15、on美国与帛琉、密克罗尼西亚联邦、马绍尔群岛纽西兰与纽埃、库克群岛Compact of Free Association：美国的例子非美国公民非移民不需申请签证即可进入美国在美国境内可就学就业定居目前入境时停留时间不受限制入境时需提出有效之护照新规定工作时不需另外申请工作许可可自愿参加美军自由联盟协定1986年11月与美国订下自由联盟协议并独立；2004年5月增补条文。没有军队，由美国负担国防联合国投票多支持美国立场原版的协议美国在1986-2001间，援助13亿；新版中，美国承诺2023年以前，每年将提供数百万的援助，并由美国与FSM共同挹注一信托基金以永续发展。2008年美援占GDP接近5

16、0%，1亿元。库克群岛与纽西兰1964年自英国转入纽西兰的影响，同年订定协议拥有纽西兰公民身分；国防由纽西兰负责；外交政策渐趋向独立，与18各国家建有外交关系并非联合国完全的会员国；2006在纽西兰移民人口(58,008 )已超过境内人口(19,569)；纽西兰是经济援助的主要来源；随时可以单方面宣布独立。传统政治人物的法律地位宪法的规范象征意义密克罗尼西亚联邦强化传统萨摩亚漠视变迁Pohnpei与Kosrae的反对Recognizing our chiefsSubmittedbyArthur Wate on 4 May, 2005 - 10:41am.Editorial RAMSI chie

17、f James Batley was more than impressed after having talks with chiefs and church leaders in north Malaita last Friday.He was not only impressed with what the chiefs are doing out there, but also the significant improvement of law and order in the area.At the height of the civil unrest, north Malaita

18、 was referred to as the most dangerous and problematic region in Malaita Province.The majority ofMEF militantsare from north Malaita. In their reign, theyundermined and overtaken the authority of chiefs and church leaders.Lawlessness was rife in the area.Even after RAMSI arrived on 24 July 2003, law

19、lessness continues to persist.Production of the illegal home-brew kwaso and cultivation of marijuana were widespread.But all these started to changewhenchiefs in partnership with the police, and support from community members, decided to take a stand.The stand is lawlessness cannot be tolerated in t

20、he communities.In concert, chiefs, church leaders and community members in partnership with the police carried out joint policing of the communities.They reign in on kwaso production and marijuana cultivation the two main causes of disturbance in the communities by telling the producers and cultivat

21、ors to put a stop to their illegal activities.Those who obeyed were spared prosecution. The ones who refused faced the full force of the law.This approach had resulted in the return of peace and order into the communities of north Malaita.In commending the effort, Mr Batley said the chiefs and churc

22、h leaders in north Malaita have set a fine example in community policing and partnership.Indeed they were.This example clearly demonstrated that community policing works effectively well when there is trust and confidence between members of the public and the police.It also shows thatchiefs and chur

23、ch leaderscan play a very effective and influential role in the maintenance of law and order in their respective communities.And in isolated communities where law enforcement agencies are not immediately available, chiefs can play the role of a policeman asmediator between conflicting parties.This i

24、s not a new concept. Chiefs have long played an important role in the orderly running of their communities in traditional Solomon Islands society.That role must not be taken away, but elevated to include the maintenance of law and order.The authority of chiefs should never be over-looked.库克群岛宪法下的酋长议

25、会库克群岛的24人议会任期4年另外还有15人的酋长会所House of Ariki (酋长)。酋长会所创始于1966年，6位酋长来自最大岛Rarotonga，其他9人来自外岛.酋长会所作用近似顾问协助政府处理与土地利用与习俗相关的议题。The House of Ariki与Koutu NuiRon Crocombe and Jon Tikivanotau Jonassen:“政府成立The House of Ariki正是为了边缘化酋长。酋长多反对执政党，而酋长会所正好将酋长限制在一个不具实权、徒有虚名的会所。1972年因低阶贵族支持执政党，政府成立了低阶贵族会所(Koutu Nui).萨摩亚的mataiFonos 村落会议, 1990法律正式认可，仅处理村中与文化、习俗、传统、土地相关的事务。Fonos