城市规划原理：1 Introduction CE

1、URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLE城市规划原理Introduction to Urban Planning总论ContentsThe birth of cities 城市的产生The evolution of cities 城市的发展Urbanization 城市化Settlements居民点Living wildly (Hunting)狩猎和采集The first separation第一次人类劳动大分工Agriculture VS Farming（农业与牧业）Cities城市The second separation第二次人类劳动大分工Commercial & handicr

2、aft Ind. VS Agriculture & Farming（商业和手工业与农牧业分离）1 The birth of City & its meanings 城市的产生与含义Nature(具有自然优势)Fertile land (耕地肥沃)；Transportation (交通便利)；Water supply (能得到淡水供应)Economic development经济发展水平Political development政治组织Conditions for the forming and the development of cities城市形成和发展的必要条件Early cities:

3、 agricultural revolution - surplus早期城市：农业革命，出现剩余产品Consequence: city as the centre for politics, military and culture导致：作为政治中心或军事中心、文化中心的城市Modern cities 现代城市: Capitalist 资本主义制度, industrial revolution 工业革命, large scale manufacturing 大规模的工厂化生产.Scale of factories (scope & size)工厂规模不断扩大（规模经济效应）；Increased

4、 agricultural productivities 农业生产率的提高； Consequences: industrial cities, large cities导致：工业城市、大城市Contemporary cities 当代城市：Post-industrialization, economic globalization, information globalization;后工业革命，经济全球化，经济信息化；Service industry instead of manufacturing 以制造业为主转为服务业为主；Service for manufacturing生产性服务业的

5、发展；Spatial structure: vertical VS horizontal 空间经济结构由水平型向垂直型转变等。Consequence:Global cities, World cities, Metropolitant导致：世界城市或全球城市 大都市连绵区Babylon巴比伦城平面2 The evolution of cities 城市的发展2.1 Ancient cities 古代城市For protection: Walls, moats城市与防御要求：城墙、濠沟Society: Social hierarchy spatial hierarchy阶级分化城市布局等级分明2

6、.2 Modern cities 近代城市的发展A Industrialization and population congregation 工业发展与人口聚集;B Spatial arrangement: zones for residential, warehouse, commercial, transportation 城市布局的变化：居住区、仓储区、商贸区、城市道路系统的形成，Different types of cities 城市类型的增加。C city & the environment 城市与环境D the development of Sci&Tec congregatio

7、n & high standard living environment 科学技术的发展带来城市的聚集效益及高质量的城市生活2.3 cities after the WWII第二次世界大战后的城市发展Urbanization & problems 城市化与城市问题2.4 Physical, social, industrial elements of city 城市的物质、社会和产业构成及演化趋势2.4.1 Physical realm 城市的物质构成public realm公共领域Shared physical elements: public facilities, infrastruct

8、ures, public investment, vulnerable VS private realm 非公共领域Owned, occupied by individuals, non-public investmentsPublic-led urban physical environment, the base & rules for private investments在城市物质环境中，公共领域的开发起着主导作用，为非公共领域的开发既提供了可能性也规定了约束性。2.4.2 citys social structure城市的社会构成及其演化趋势a heterogeneous & spa

9、tial structure异质性和城市社会空间Economic & social backgrounds spatial separation 不同经济、社会背景城市的不同区域b. Trend of social evolution in cities 城市社会的演化趋势Aging population 人口老龄化：10% population over 60 OR7% population over 65Japan, HK老年型城市、社区。Nuclear family 家庭核心化：Average family members 3.5 平均每户人口下降目前3.5（2.8）。Leisure l

10、ife 生活闲暇化：Engel Index恩格尔系数从60%下降到25%。40%为小康(well-off)。Food expense (basic need)Total expensec. Political influence 政治对城市的影响 China: palace & government buildings 中国：中心是宫殿、官府 Europe: churches 欧洲：中心是教堂d. Economic influence 经济发展对城市的影响：China: cities as the political & economic centres, cities along river

11、s中国：城市是政治、经济中心， 中心城市分布在内河沿岸；Europe: cities as the economic centres, castles as the political centres, cities along sea ports欧洲：城市是经济中心，城堡是政治中心， 中心城市分布在沿海港口。2.4.3 Urban Industrial Structure & Its Trend城市的产业构成及其演化趋势British economist Fischer & Clark: Economic activities can be divided into three catego

12、ries:Primary Industry (第一产业): agriculture, farming, fishery, forestry(products from the nature)Secondary Industry(第二产业):manufacturing Tertiary industry (第三产业): service industry (for production & consumption)Basic needs (基本部类，主要，外向)& non-basic needs (非基本部类，从属，内向)Trend:Tertiary industry： Secondary Ind

13、ustry：high-tech taking place of traditional manufacturingEconomic globalization results in urban polarization3 Urbanization 城市化3.1 meaningPopulation: agricultural (农业人口) non-agricultural (非农业人口);Land: agricultural (农村地域) urban (城市地域);Industry: agricultural industry (农村产业) non-agricultural (非农产业);Soc

14、ial structure;Spatial structure transformation;Life style changes;Urban structure;Infrastructure modernization;Enhance & renewal of traditional culture;Improvement of urban environment3.2 Urbanization RateUrbanization Rate Indicators:PU = U/PPUurbanization rate (城市化水平) Uurban population(城镇人口) Povera

15、ll population(总人口)19922013199220133.3 The driving factors for urbanization城市化的动力机制The development of three kinds of industries3.3.1 Agriculture is the original drive(农业是原始动力):Food;Capital accumulation(资金原始积累);Sources for manufacturing (工业的生产原料)；Market for manufacturing products (工业产品的市场)；Labour sour

16、ces (劳动力)。3.3.2 Industrialization as the fundamental drive (工业化是根本动力)Industrial revolution as the watershed for urban development history (以工业革命为分水岭);Rapid urbanization after the industrial revolution; world pop. Urban population1800 0.978B 5.1%1900 rise 70% 13.3%1950 29%1980 40% Within 180 years, w

17、orld population rised 3.5 times urban population rised 35 times.3.3.3 Tertiary industry as the sustaining drive 第三产业是城市化的后续动力3.4 Characters of the process of urbanization 城市化进程的表现特征：A urban pop.s proportion rises(城市人口占总人口的比重上升);B changes in industrial structure (产业结构变化);C direct ratio between urbani

18、zation rate & GDP rise (城市化水平与人均国民生产总值的增长成正比);D partly resulted from agricultural modernization (城市化水平高，也是农业现代化的结果)。3.5 Evolution of urbanization (城市化的历史过程)Three phases:Early phase(初级): low in urbanization & rate (水平低，慢)Metaphase(中期): accelerating, high rate (加速)Anaphase(后期): high in urbanization bu

19、t low rate (水平高，慢)Northams S curve for urbanization developed in 1979时期城市化进程的S形曲线Early phase: 30%, GNP1000US$(per head)Metaphase: 30%50%，GNP 10003000US$ 50%70%，GNP 30007000US$Anaphase: 70%90%，GNP 大于7000US$From 10% to 30%, they used:UK 79 years;USA 66 years;Germany 48 years;Japan 36 years.Chinas current rate: 52%, Guangzhou 100%?, GDP 10,000 US$?.Please find it out. Talk about it next lecture.GNP (gross national product): 国民生产总值GDP (gross domestic product): 国内生产总值 Three stages of the worlds urbanization process： 17601850：the rise of urbanization (世界城市化的兴起)UK: 1851