课件成果sci写作2sci00how to write a scientific paper

1、HowtoWriteaScientificByeM.DepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardCambridge,MA02138,科原著eM.Whitesides，Whatisascientific r?Arisanizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataended to instruct the reader. rs are a central part of research. If your research does generate rs, itHowtoWriteaScientificByeM.Depart

2、mentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardCambridge,MA02138,科原著eM.Whitesides，Whatisascientific r?Arisanizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataended to instruct the reader. rs are a central part of research. If your research does generate rs, it might just as well not have been done. eresting and unpublished

3、” equivalentto“non-t your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to sfromthesetests,andtoteachstoothers.Yourobjectiveisnotto“collect要A r is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also structurefor planningyourresearchinprogress.If youclearly u

4、nderstandthee and forma r, it can be immensely useful to you anizing and conducting your research. A outline for the r is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. Atthe beginning, you willhave plan; at the end, mostly

5、 outline. The continuous effort to yze, summarize, reformulatehypothesesonrwillbeimmenselymoreefficientforn a sinyoucollectdataandonlystartanizethemwhentheircollectionThe reason for outlines. I emphasize the central place of an outline in writing rs, seminars,andplanningresearch.Illytforyou,andforme

6、,itismostefficientwrite rs from outlines. An outline is a written plan of anization of a r,including anized nan the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a presentedsetof data, of ttendantobjectives,hypothesess,An outline itself containslittle text. If youand Ican agree

7、 on the details of the outline t is, the data anization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a r o the text; most ysis. It can be the thought o anization of the data o the data anization), the supporting t

8、ext can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a r o the text; most ysis. It can be the thought o anization of the data o efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write writingmanysof thefu

9、lltextofa r is在Allthe tIdo - rs,reports,als(and,ofcourse,slidesfor seminars)-Idooutlines.Iurge youtolearnhowtousethemas（Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?Theclassicalapproachistostartpieceofand write down, in any order, all important t occur to you concerning the r. yourself the obvious questions:“Whyd

10、id Ido this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did Imeanto test?”“Whatonesdid Iactually test?”“Whatweretheresults?”“Didthework yieldnew method or compound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What compounds? were theycharacterized?” sible equations, figures, and schemes. It is essential t

11、o try getthe majorideaswrittendown.Ifyoustarttheresearchtotestonehypothesis,anddecide, you see what you t the data reallyseem to testsome other hypothesis better,dont Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, objectives and data. the objectives of a r when it is finished ar

12、e different from those used to justify starting work.Muchofgoodscienceisopportunisticand我要验证哪些假设? 我究竟验证了哪些假设？ 结果如何？ 这项工作产生了新方法或新物质吗？都是什么？我都做了那些测试？什么化合物？ 它们是如何表征的？展示相关的方When you have written down what you can, start iece of r and try thejumbleofone.Sortallof your othreemajorheaps(A-当你已经写下你能写的，再拿出一页纸，

13、试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类（WhydidIdothework?WhatwerethecentralmotivationsandA）B)Resultsandwhatwere the resultsHowwerecompoundsmadeandcharacterizedWhatwasmeasured? sWhatdoesitallmean? Whathypotheseswere provedordisproved?WhatdidIlearn? Whydoesit make a difference?Next,takeeach of these sections, anize iton

14、yet finer scale. Concentrate anizingdata. Construct figures, tables, and schemes to present the data as clearlysWhatdoesitallmean? Whathypotheseswere provedordisproved?WhatdidIlearn? Whydoesit make a difference?Next,takeeach of these sections, anize iton yet finer scale. Concentrate anizingdata. Con

15、struct figures, tables, and schemes to present the data as clearly and compactly sible. This s can be slow - I may sketch a figure 5-10 times in different ways, trying decidehowitismostclear(andlooksbest Finally,puteverythingoutlineofsections,tables,sketchesoffigures,equations-ingoodWhen you are t y

16、ou have included all the data t you know what additional end to collect), and have a anization, give the outline to me. Simply where missing data will go, how you think (hypothesize) they will look, and how you will ret them if your hypothesis is correct. I will take this outline, add my opinions, s

17、uggest changes, and return it to you. It usually takes 4-5 repeated attempts (often with experiments) to agree on an outline. When we have agreed, the data are usually in (or close finalformtis,thetables,figures,heoutlinewillbethetables,heYoucanthenstartwriting,withsometmuchofyourprosewillbeThe key

18、to efficient use of your and my time t we start exchanging outlinesand als early in a sible. Do not, under any ,wait until the collection of data “complete” before starting to write an outline. No projectis ever complete,and it saves effort and much time to e a plausible r and outline as soon as you

19、 see the structure of a project. Even if we decide to do significant additional work before anizingar,theeffortofwritinganoutlinewillhavehelpedtoguidetheThe WhatshouldanoutlineAbstract:Donotwriteantcan behenthe risroduction: paragraphor two should be written y.Payparticularto the opening sentence. I

20、deally, it should se concisely the objective of the work, and indicate why this objective is important. Ingeneral,roductionshouldhavetheseTheobjectivesoftheThejustificationforAbstract:Donotwriteantcan behenthe risroduction: paragraphor two should be written y.Payparticularto the opening sentence. Id

21、eally, it should se concisely the objective of the work, and indicate why this objective is important. Ingeneral,roductionshouldhavetheseTheobjectivesoftheThejustificationfortheseobjectives:WhyistheworkBackground:Whoelse hashat?How?vewedoneGuidance to the reader. What should the reader watch for hig

22、h pos? What strategy did we use?he r? What are . What should the reader ? In advanced s of outline, you should also include all the ,justasparagrapht will he Experimental section (at Results and . The results and are usually combined. This section should anized according to major topics. The separat

23、e parts should have subheadings in boldface make anizationclear,andtohelpthereaderscanthroughthefinaltexttofindthe teresthim or her. The followinglist includes assectionlesof the t might plausibly SynthesisofAlkaneCharacterizationofAbsoluteConfigurationoftheVicinalHysteresisCorrelateswithRoughnessof

24、theDependenceoftheRateConstantonTheRateofSelf-ExchangeDecreaseswiththePolarityoftheTry to make these section headings as specific and information-rich sible. For le, phrase “The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Polarity of The Solvent”TheRateofSelf-ExchangeDecreaseswiththePolarityoftheTry to

25、 make these section headings as specific and information-rich sible. For le, phrase “The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Polarity of The Solvent” is n “Measurement of Rates,” but ore useful to the reader. In general, try to themajorcommonpo 尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如，“The Rate of Self-Exchange Decr

26、eases with The PolarityofTheSolvent”这个短语明显比“MeasurementofRates”长，但是对读者更有帮助。一Synthesisofstartingmaterials Characterization of productsMethodsofMethodsofResults(rateconstants,contactangles,he outline,donotwrite anysignificantamountof text,butgetallthe heiranytextshouldsimplyindicatewhatwillgo Section

27、HeadingsFigures(withSchemes(withcaptionsandfootnotes) hat 地Remember to think of a r as a collection of experimental results, summarized as clearly economically sible in figures, tables, equations, and schemes. The he r o justtohedata,andissecondary.Themoretcan be equations,etc.,theshorterandmoreread

28、abletherwill.he outline, summarize s of the r as a list of short phrases . Do not repeat what he Results section, unless l emphasis is needed. s section should be t, and not a summary. It should add a new, higher level ysis,andshouldindicateexplicitlythesignificanceoftheExperimental.he correct order

29、 to correspond to the he Results section,all theparagraphsubheadingsoftheExperimentalIn- Start sible outlinesfor mayysis,andshouldindicateexplicitlythesignificanceoftheExperimental.he correct order to correspond to the he Results section,all theparagraphsubheadingsoftheExperimentalIn- Start sible ou

30、tlinesfor mayneverrs early ina project. Do not wait until the 能-anize the outline and the r around easily assimilated data - tables, equations, schemes-naround整理提纲-anize inorderof importance,notinchronologicalorder.Animportantdetailinwritingconcerns the weight to be given to topics. Neophytes anize a r in terms t is, they recount their experimental program, starting with their cherished failures and leading up to a climactic sful finale. This approach is y wrong. with the most important results, and put the