《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第四周

1、Key pointsPerson deixisSpatial deixisDifficult pointsDeictic projectionNon-deictic usage of the dictic expressionsPsychological distance2.1 Deixis Pointing via language.Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Dictic expressions are also sometimes called

2、 indexcals. Deictic center The time of the utterances time; The place of the utterances place, The person just giving the utterance.Deictic center “Near speaker” - “away from speaker” Proximal distal This, here, now that, there, then 2.2 Classification of deixis: Person deixisSpatial deixisTemporal

3、deixis Person deixis: “Person” originated from Latin word “persona”（戏剧角色）, person deixis is a three-part division- speaker, addressee, and others. Honorifics: expressions which indicate higher status.Exclusive “we”: speaker plus others, excluding addressee.Inclusive “we”: speaker and addressee inclu

4、ded.examples(1)1. Debby: Go anywhere today? 2. Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.3. Debby: Anything to see there?4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but its worth the trip. 5. Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when y

5、ou say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?7. Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting8. Dan: Just trying to be polite.(2). 1996 will be a year of prosperity and peace. 2 Spatial deixis: The concept of distance already mentioned is clearly relevant to spatial deixis, where the

6、 relative location of people and things is being indicated.编码时间：(Coding time, 简称CT)接收时间：(receiving time, 简称RT)时间指和空间指的重要区别：CT和RT是一致的，但在语言活动中，交际双方却永远不可能处于同一空间位置。Deictic center 说 _go_take_there_that _this_ 话 there here 人 here _come_bring_Deictic Projection: (home-based) 决定方位指示词语选择的并不完全是实际距离，在相当程度上是说话人

7、心目中的心理距离。Speakers temporarily away from their home location will often continue to use “here” to mean the (physically distant) home location, as if they were still in that location. Speakers also seem to be able to project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those locations:Ex

8、amples (1) Ill come later.(2) 有空来我家玩。(3) I am not here now. Psychological distance Speaker may also wish to mark somethng that is physically close (for example, a perfume being sniffed by the speaker) s psychologically distant I dont like that. Temporal deixis:Utterances relate to a real world in at

9、 least two different ways: descriptive and deicticTemporal deixis:Markers of temporal deixis include today in (1)1., the past tense of went in (1)2., next Saturday in (1)5., 1996 and the future tense of will be in (2). Thus the meaning of today in (1)1., which might seem quite unambiguous (today bei

10、ng at least quite “proximal” in comparison with the more “distal” next Saturday in (1)5., cannot be precisely understood without knowledge about the time of speaking. Assignments1. Definition: (1) deixis (2) honorifics2. What is deictic projection? Explain it with the example “I am not here now.”Tem

11、poral deixis:For one thing, one would have to know the date to give full temporal substance to today. Apart from that, it is important to know that the conversation took place at dinner time, so that it is reasonable to assume that today refers to a stretch of time that is already past and that the

12、elliptical phrase can be completed as Did you goWithout the contextual knowledge, (1)1. could as well have been a question about planned activities for a future part of the day. Similarly, even though 1996 in (2) is a very conventionalized expression for referring to a specific period of time, and t

13、hough its being combined with future time reference in will be indicates that the deictic centre must be either before 1996 or relatively early in that year, a selection from these two possible interpretations cannot be made with certainty until we know that the text from which the sentence was take

14、n was published at the end of 1995. deictic expressions can never be taken at face value. The there is no automatic or mechanistic link between choices of tense and temporal anchoring points: the simple present in do and say in (1)6., and in means in (1)7., all refer to a past act, albeit a very rec

15、ent past, and albeit an act with wider implications of “meaning”, the same could be said of trying in (1)8.Without a certain degree of interpretive flexibility and freedom of choice in utterance production, communication would cease already at this elementary level.example Back in an hour.Deictic ve

16、rsus non-deictic 1. You and you, but not you. Go back to your dorms.2. Mary wishes that she could visit the land of Lilliput.3. If you travel on a train without a valid ticket, you will be liable to pay a penelty fare.指示词语的非指示用法 前照应 后照应 文内照应 零照应照应 文外照应文内照应 (endophoric reference) 词语所致的实体存在于文篇之中。 (1)

17、Peter studies Japanese. He wishes to go to Japan someday.(2) “Shut up!” this is what he said to me.(3) We were led into a big room. Here, it was said, the composer gave his first recital at the age of 7.文外照应：(exophoric reference) 词语所指的实体存在于文篇之外，既存在于语境之中。(1) Hes not the president. He is. Hes the secr

18、etary.(2) This city is highly congested.(3) We cant afford a holiday abroad this year.(4) You can come with me if you like. Deixis and grammar(1) a. Are you planning to be here this evening? b. I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.Uses of a deictic expression deictic expression deictic use non-deitic use gestural symbolicAssignments 1. Definition: (1) deixis (2) honorifics2. Wh