《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十六周

1、Pragmatics The sixteenth weekChapter 7 Politeness and interaction PolitenessFace wantsNegative and positive faceKey points PolitenessFace wantsNegative and positive faceDifficult pointsPolitenessFace wants7.1 PolitenessFace means the public self-image of a person. It refers to that emotinal and soci

2、al sense of self that everyone has and expects everyoneelse to recognize. Politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another persons face. In this sense, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. 7.2 Face wantsWithin their everyday social

3、 interactions, people generally behave as if their expedtations concerning their public self-image, or their face wants, will be respected. If a speaker says something that represents a threat to another individuals expectations regarding self-image, it is described as a face threatening act. Altern

4、atively, given the possibility that some action might be interpreted as a threat to anothers face, the speaker cn say something to lessen the p ossible threat. Tis is called a face saving act. 7.3 Negaitive and positive faceA persons positive face is the need to be acepted, even liked, by others, to

5、 be treated as a member of the same group, and to know tht his or her wants are shared by others. In simple terms, negative face is the need to be independent and positive face is the need to be connected.Negative politenessA face saving act which is oriented to the persons negative face will tend t

6、o show deference, emphasize the importance of the others time or concerns, and even include an apology for the imposition or interruption. Tis is also called negative politeness. Positive politeness.A face saving act which is concerned with the persons positive face will tend to show solidarity, emp

7、hasize that both speakers want the same thing, and that they have a common goal. This is also called positive politeness.The Politeness Principle:Leech puts forward six maxims of the Politeness Principle: Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and maximize (other things being equal) the expression of p