《学术论文写作》课件 English Academic Writing 16

1、Chapter 16DiscussionHow to Write the Discussion The Hardest Part of the PaperThe true meaning of the data obscuredA faulty discussion presentedCommon Negligence Not discussed adequately.Engrossed with the trees(the data) without noticing how much sunshine had appeared in the forest. A Faulty Discuss

2、ion “Not with a bang(突然见效或成功) but a whimper(呜咽声).” T. S. Eliot A Faulty Discussion “Many a paper loses much of its effect because the clear stream of the discussion ends in a swampy(沼泽的) delta (三角州).” Anderson and ThistleA Good Discussion “Finally, good writing, like good music, has a fitting climax

3、(高潮).” Anderson and ThistleDefining Scientific TruthNot necessary to reach cosmic conclusions (the whole truth). Shine a spotlight on one area of the truth. Describe the meaning of your little bit of truth simply (The simplest statements evoke the most wisdom).Leave the “whole truth” to the ignoramu

4、ses(不学无术的人). The Primary Purpose of the Discussion To show the relationships among observed facts. The Process of the JobFrom the presentation to the discussion of the results. Not simply recapitulating(概括) but restating the results in a meaningful way. The Coverage of the ProcessPrevious investigat

5、ionsIntentionsResultsFindingsAgreement(s)Contrast(s)IndicationsLimitationsImplicationsConclusion(s)Further investigationThe Contrast between the Results and DiscussionFactual vs. ExplanatoryObjective vs. Interpretative Numerical vs. AnalyticalInformative vs. CriticalPresentable vs. EvaluativeValid v

6、s. IlluminatingGuidelines in GeneralDescribe the results of the current study in the past tense and the known or proved facts in the present tense.Guidelines in GeneralDo not simply repeat what you have already said in the Results Section; try to present the principles, relationships, generalization

7、s shown by the results obtained.Guidelines in GeneralAssess the validity of the results.Guidelines in GeneralShow that your results and interpretations agree (or contrast) with the previously published work.Guidelines in GeneralDiscuss any results that do not “fit in”; do not try to hide them or to

8、“fudge (捏造)” the data.Guidelines in GeneralExplain the significance of the results; comment on their theoretical and practical implications.Guidelines in GeneralState your conclusions as clearly as possible, and summarize your evidence for each one.Guidelines in GeneralPoint out possible lines of fu

9、rther investigation.Purpose: Explain the meaning of your findingsExplain the importance of your findingsMake the reader think “That makes perfect sense why didnt I think of that?” Remember:the purpose of research is to DISCOVER not to prove LETS READ AN EXAMPLE AND BE CRITICAL.Textbook I Elements an

10、d structure of discussion1. Identification of significant patterns and speculation about causes2. Implications and significance of the results3.Limitations of the study4. Suggestions for further research.II Language feature of discussion1.Words and tense2. Modal verbsIII Structure and vocabulary aid1.restate the purpose2. Explaining findings3.limitations4.finding5.implications6.recommendations and application7.valueIV Evaluation in ment on the benefits or effects2. comment on the theoretical implication and significanceV Sample AnalysisP195Assignment Find a well-written