意识状态课件

1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 States of ConsciousnessWaking ConsciousnessConsciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environmentsSleep and DreamsBiological Rhythmsperiodic physiological fluctuationsCircadian Rhythm the biological clockregular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of

2、 wakefulness and body temperaturePremenstrual SyndromePremenstrual Menstrual IntermenstrualMenstrual phaseActualRecalled mood321Negative moodscoreRecalled mood isworse thanearlier reportedSleep and DreamsREM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams“paradoxical sleep” muscles are

3、 generally relaxed, but other body systems are activeSleepperiodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousnessSleep and DreamsMeasuring sleep activityBrain Waves and Sleep StagesAlpha Wavesslow waves of a relaxed, awake brainDelta Waveslarge, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinationsfalse sensory exper

4、iences Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep012345674321SleepstagesAwakeHours of sleepREMStages in a Typical Nights SleepHours of sleepMinutesof Stage 4 and REM123456780101520255Decreasing Stage 4Increasing REMSleep DeprivationEffects of Sleep Lossfatigueimpaired concentrationdepressed immune systemgreat

5、er vulnerability to accidentsSleep Deprivation2,4002,7002,6002,5002,800Spring time change(hour sleep loss)3,6004,20040003,800Fall time change(hour sleep gained)Less sleep,more accidentsMore sleep,fewer accidentsMonday before time changeMonday after time changeAccident frequencySleep DisordersInsomni

6、apersistent problems in falling or staying asleepNarcolepsyuncontrollable sleep attacksSleep Apneatemporary cessation of breathingmomentary reawakeningsNight Terrors and NightmaresNight Terrorsoccur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4high arousal- appearance of being terrif

7、ied012345674321SleepstagesAwakeHours of sleepREMDreams: FreudDreamssequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mindhallucinatory imagerydiscontinuitiesincongruitiesdelusional acceptance of the contentdifficulties rememberingDreams: FreudSigmund Freud-The Interpretat

8、ion of Dreams (1900)wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelingsManifest Contentremembered story lineLatent Contentunderlying meaningDreamsAs Information Processinghelps facilitate memoriesREM ReboundREM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivationSleep Across the LifespanHypnosisHy

9、pnosisa social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occurPosthypnotic Amnesiasupposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosisinduced by the hypnotists suggestio

10、nHypnosisUnhypnotized persons can also do thisHypnosisOrne & Evans (1965)control group instructed to “pretend”unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized onesPosthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotizedused by some clinicians to c

11、ontrol undesired symptoms and behaviorsHypnosisDissociationa split in consciousnessallows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with othersHidden ObserverHilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosisExplaining

12、HypnosisDrugs and ConsciousnessPsychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moodPhysical Dependence physiological need for a drugmarked by unpleasant withdrawal symptomsPsychological Dependencea psychological need to use a drugfor example, to relieve negative emotionsDependence

13、and AddictionTolerancediminishing effect with regular useWithdrawaldiscomfort and distress that follow discontinued use SmallLargeDrug doseLittleeffectBigeffectDrugeffectResponse tofirst exposureAfter repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effectPsychoactive DrugsDepressantsdrugs that r

14、educe neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiatesStimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity speed up body functionscaffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine Psychoactive DrugsHallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images i

15、n the absence of sensory inputLSDPsychoactive DrugsBarbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgementPsychoactive DrugsOpiatesopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessen

16、ing pain and anxietyPsychoactive DrugsAmphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changesCocaine Euphoria and CrashPsychoactive DrugsEcstasy (MDMA)synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogenboth short-term and long-term health risk

17、sLSD lysergic acid diethylamidea powerful hallucinogenic drugalso known as acidTHCthe major active ingredient in marijuanatriggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinationsPsychoactive DrugsTrends in Drug Use 1975 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99Year80%706050403020100High schoolseniorsreportingdrug useAlcoholMarijuana/hashishCocainePerceived Marijuana Risk75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99Year100%9080706050403020100PercentoftwelfthgradersPerceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana useUsed marijuanaNear-Death ExperiencesNear-Death Experiencean altered state