中西思维模式比较

1、思维方式比较 Difference in mode of thinking between Western and Chinese What Is the mindset?Mindset (思维） Mindset means a nation or a region, in the long-term process of historical development, forms a habit of thinking and thinking program.It is a deep core of the national culture.How is the Mode of Think

2、ing Formed?Mode of thinking 思维模式 Human thinking mainly consists of such elements as knowledge, ideology, methodology, intelligence, emotion, willpower, language and habits. The inter-relationship and interaction of these elements form a dynamic complex system known as the mode of thinking. 人类思维主要由知识

3、、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系统。 Mode of thinking 思维模式 The mode of thinking is closely related to the worldview. It is the concentrated embodiment of all cultural and psychological properties and is shaped in a certain historical, social and geographical environment. 思维模

4、式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形成。 Conversely, a persons established mode of thinking conditions and even determines his/her formation of judgment and pattern of behavior in a certain situation. 反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他/她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。W-C Difference in Mode of thinking 中西思维模式差异 The western

5、 mode is linear, inclined to dissect things into parts and analyze their relationships, stressing abstract reasoning and characterized mainly by its analytical nature.Linear analysis and circular synthesis 线析环综 The Chinese mode is circular, and tends to synthesize parts and examine the whole and emp

6、hasize the acquisition of intuitive insight with holistic thinking as its main feature. 西方模式如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理 ，以分析性思维为其主要特点。 中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟 ，以综合性思维为其主要特点。Analytical, abstract, logical分析性、抽象性、逻辑性 Holistic, imaginal, intuitive 整体性、形象性、直觉性Concept, judgment, inference概念、判断、推理 Intuition, insight

7、, imagination直觉、顿悟、想象 Western Mode Chinese Mode Chinese ModeWestern ModeHolistic 整体性Analytical 分析性 Intuitive 直觉性Logical 逻辑性 Imaginal 形象性Abstract 抽象性Ethical 伦理型Cognitive 认知型 Fuzzy 模糊性Accurate 精确性Intentional 意向性Objective 对象性 Convergent 求同性Divergent 求异性 Past-focused 后馈性Future-focused 前瞻性 Inward 内向性Outw

8、ard 外向性 Inductive 归纳型Deductive 演绎型 Holistic 整体 Analytical 分析1What have you seen in the picture below?What have you seen in the picture ?Most American Students:(88.5%, May 27, 2011)Six tigers frolickingTigers playing aroundTigers skipping about Gamboling tigersTigers fightingTigers attacking each oth

9、erTigers hunting for foodMost Chinese Students:(90.2%, April 17, 2011)Six tigers, Mountains, rocksWaterfalls, A stream,Pines and other treesGrass Autograph and seal Holistic 整体 Analytical 分析 Westerners tend to be analytical and pay more attention to the key, or focal objects in a scene for example,

10、concentration on the woman in the “Mona Lisa”, as opposed to the rocks and sky behind her. Chinese, by contrast, tend to be holistic. They look at the whole picture and rely on contextual information when making decisions and judgments about what they see. 西方人倾向于分析思维，更多地关注某一场景中的主要或突出物体，例如在“蒙娜丽莎”这幅画中

11、，关注画中的人而非她身后的岩石与天空。 中国人倾向整体思维，他们往往观察整个画面，并依靠在情景中所获得的信息对所观察事物作出决定和判断。 Western Encyclopedia arranged by classification Animals, plants, objects are divided, sub-divided 西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。 Classification Units of Plants and Animals:kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species 界、门、纲、目、科、属、种

12、Chinese Leishu A collection of political, social and ethical data arranged circularly in an emperor-centered fashion. 中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。唐代艺文类聚、宋代太平御览、明代永乐大典、清代古今图书集成 Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles title, sub-title, chapters, sections,paragraphs topic sentences 西方文章，

13、标题、章、节、段细分明切，段中一般都有主题句，脉路清晰，一目了然。 Chinese Articles起承转合: Introduction, elucidation, transition and summing-up着眼点： 首尾呼应，通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。 Unity, harmony, transition and correspondence are given much attention. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, a series of sub

14、-divisions of that topic, each supported by examples and illustrations, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea to prove something, or perhaps, to argue something. 英语说明文的语段通常以主题句开始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例证和解释，以阐发中心思想，并使这一语段中心思想与全文的其它思想相关联，以此

15、来论证某一观点或提出某一观点。Robert B. KaplanRobert B. Kaplan Some oriental writing is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening circle. The circles turn around the subject and show it from

16、 a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. 东方人写的文章具有间接入题的特点，可以说，这种文章语段的展开，就像一个不断扩展的环在围绕着主题旋转，通过外围的观点展示主题，却从不直接入题。 Western medicine, examine parts of the body through tests, X-rays, NMR, etc. 西医看病，先给病人胸透、胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，分而检之，再作诊断。 Chinese medicine, general physical con

17、dition, pulse, complexion, tongue coating 中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合症状 。 Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe,precise quantity of ingredientsregular, established procedure西餐厨师烹饪，各种配料严格计量，操作程序步步分清。 Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients more attention to the general effect of color, aroma and

18、taste 中餐厨师并不在意配料的严格计量，而是注重色、香、味的总体效果。 Western painting accurate one-by-one likeness in appearance with emphasis on details: lines, shades of color, light spectrum 西方油画注重一一对应的精确形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。 Chinese Painting fuzzy resemblance in spirit or essence with emphasis on general effect by using imagi

19、nation, exaggeration 中国画追求总体模糊神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想表现物象的神韵。 Intuitive 直觉 Logical 逻辑2 Intuitive 直觉 Logical 逻辑 Debate was prominent in ancient Greece, and logic was invented. Logic is applied by stripping away the meaning of statements and leaving only their formal structure intact. This makes it easier

20、 to see whether an argument is valid or not. Intuition comes from experience, practice and the 6th sense. It is experience translated by wisdom. Intuitive thinking is nonlinear, like a spark emerging in the maze of illusions. It is the major way by which ancient Chinese saints perceived the world. 辩

21、论风行于古代希腊，于是逻辑学问世。运用逻辑，就是剥去说话的意义，而只留下完整的形式结构，这样就比较容易看清某一论点是否成立。 直觉来自经验、实践和第六感觉，它是经验的睿智阐述。直觉思维是非线性的，犹如幻觉迷宫里突然出现的火花，它是中国古代圣哲感知世界的主要方法。 Western Logic Syllogism （三段论法） A 3-step argument:1. Major premise （大前提）2. Minor premise （小前提）3. Conclusion （结论）Aristotle formal logic Bacon inductive method of scienceR

22、ussell mathematical logicHegel dialectical logic 亚里士多德 形式逻辑培根 科学归纳法 实证科学罗素 数理逻辑黑格尔 辩证逻辑Examples of Syllogism（三段论法举例）All women like shopping.Alice is a woman.Therefore Alice likes shopping.Whatever is M is P; S is M; Therefore S is P.All fruits grow on trees.The apple is a fruit.Therefore, the apple

23、grows on trees.Either P or Q. Not P. Therefore, Q.Either Class A or Class B wins. Class A does not win. Therefore, Class B wins. Chinese Intuition “豁然贯通”， 成语Understand the thorough meaning suddenly.“恍然大悟” 成语Be suddenly enlightened. 心净自悟，顿悟成佛 。 禅宗六祖坛经 Zen Buddhism A purified mind spontaneously attain

24、s perceptiveness and the natural insight enables one to become a Buddha. Intuition and Fuzziness “道”、 “气”、“太极”Tao， Qi, Tai Chi书不尽言，言不尽意。 易经 What is written does not express all that one has to say;What is said does not convey all that is on ones mind.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 道德经The Tao that can be explained

25、 is not an eternal Tao;The names that can be named are not eternal names.只可意会，不可言传。 成语It can be sensed but not expressed in words. Logic（逻辑） Intuition（直觉）rational 理性 perceptual 感性definite 明晰 fuzzy 模糊precise 严谨 sagacious 睿智deductive 演绎 inductive 归纳 Imaginal 形象 Abstract 抽象3a western diagram of lines o

26、f abstraction线型抽象a Chinese picture ofdouble-fish images双鱼形象天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 Storms gather without warning in nature； bad luck befalls men overnight. Yang Hsien-yi The weather and human life are both unpredictable. Hawkes人无千日好，花无百日红。 Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. Nobody c

27、an always be happy. 疾风知劲草，患难见真情。 Strong winds test sturdy grass; calamities reveal true friendship. In calamities one sees true friendship. 在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。 In the sky, we will be two love birds flying together; on earth we will be twin branches on a tree. We will love and be loyal to each other for

28、ever.病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。 Sickness comes like a landslide but goes like reeling silk. Sickness comes suddenly but goes slowly. Abstract conceptsardent loyalty total exhaustionwith great eagernessfeed on fanciesat high speeddisappear completelybustling activity赤胆忠心 gall, heart筋疲力尽 tendon, sinew如饥似渴 hunger, t

29、hirst画饼充饥 drawn cake风驰电掣 wind, lightening烟消云散 smoke, cloud龙腾虎跃 dragon, tiger figures of speech Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知4 Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知 Western mode of thinking is exterior-oriented, giving more attention to the cognitive exploration of Nature (the objective world), with emphasis on science and theories. Chinese mode of thinking is interior-oriented, focusing more on the moral inquiry into human nature (the subjective world) with emphasis on ethics and social practice. 西方思维模式是外向的，关注对客观世界（大自然）进行认知探索