商务英语专业(专科,A050226)考试计

1、DEVICE RELATED NOSOCOMIAL Part IBACKGROUND VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIADr. MOUSTAFA ARAFAASSOSIATE PROF. OF EPIDEMIOLOGY HIGH INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY E-mailMAHA NAGANURSING SPECIALIST ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY STUDENT HOSPITAL E-mailBACKGROUND Nosocomial infections have been

2、recognized for over a century as a critical problem affecting the quality of health care and a principal source of adverse healthcare outcomes. Patients hospitalized in ICUs are 5 to 10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infections than other hospital patients. On the other hand the Nosocomial

3、infections that are preventable , perhaps between 30 and 50 percent , are primarily caused by problems in patient care practices , such as the use and care of urinary catheters , and respiratory therapy equipment , as well as hand washing practices and surgical skill.DEFINITIONS NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

4、 :An infection acquired in a patient in a hospital or other healthcare facility in whom it was not present or incubating at the time of admission or the residual of an infection acquired during a previous admission. DEVICE RELATED NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION A device-associated infection is an infection in

5、 a patient with a device (i.e., central line, ventilator, or indwelling urinary catheter) that was in use within the 48-hour period before onset of infection. If the interval since discontinuation of the device is longer than 48 hours, there must be compelling evidence that infection was associated

6、with device use. RISK FACTORS operative surgeryintravascular and urinary catheterization mechanical ventilation of the respiratory tractOther risk factors include traumatic injuries, burns, age (elderly or neonates), immuno-suppression and existing diseaseVENTILATOR ASSOSIATED PNEUMOINA Patients rec

7、eiving continuous, mechanically assisted ventilation have 6-21 times the risk for acquiring nosocomial pneumonia compared with patients not receiving ventilatory support . Pneumonia cases account for 15 to 20 % of nosocomial infections but is responsible for 24 % of extra hospital days and 39 % of e

8、xtra cost . Nosocomial pneumonia is associated with mortality rate up to 50 % in ICUs . RISK FACTORS * Intubation . *altered levels of consciousness , especially those with nasogastric tubes . *elderly patients . *chronic lung disease . *postoperative patients . *any of the above patients taken H2-

9、blockers or antacid .CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSISfever. cough.development of purulent sputum, in conjunction with radiologic evidence of a new or progressive pulmonary infiltrate. a suggestive Gram stain, and positive cultures of sputum, tracheal aspirate, pleural fluid, or blood. Pneumonias are mostly ca

10、used by Legionella sp. Aspergillus sp. influenza virus . MICROBIOLOGY PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES Most of the risk factors can be prevented and controlled with a little effort and performing some policies in the unit as : - use either prophylactic local application of antimicrobial agent(s) or l

11、ocal bacterial interference . - use Sucralfate, a cytoprotective agent as a substitute for antacids and H-2 blockers.- Prevent Aspiration of oro-pharyngeal and Gastric Flora by : 1-Placing the patient in a semi-recumbent position. 2-Administering enteral nutrition intermittently in small boluses rat

12、her than continuously. 3- Using flexible, small-bore enteral tubes . 4-Placing the enteral tube below the stomach (e.g., in the jejunum).-Perform hand washing before any procedure , wear gloves .-Proper cleaning and sterilization or disinfection of reusable equipment .-The recommended daily change i

13、n ventilator circuits may be extended to greater than or equal to 48 hours.- Prophylaxis with Systemic anti-microbial agents.- Use of Kinetic Beds or Continuous Lateral Rotational Therapy (CLRT) for Immobilized Patients.SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGSSurveillance of nosocomial infectionsRisk Factors and Outcome of Nosocomial Infections: Re