经济学名词、定理、术语中英对照

1、经济学名词、定理、术语中英对照Paasche price index 裴氏物价指数Paid-time 有酬工时Pair bargaining 配对谈判Paired (or matched) random sampling 成对的随机抽样法Paired difference 成对差Paired samples 成对样本Paired sampling 成对抽样Paired treatments 配对处理Paired-treatment designs 配对处理设计Panama Canal 巴拿马运河Panel data 方格资料；追踪数据Paper gold 纸金Paper money; Pape

2、r currency 纸币Papyrus 纸草Par 平价Par of exchange 汇兑平价Par value 面值；面额Par value stock 面值股票Parabola 拋物线函数式 paradox of value 价值的矛盾 Paradox of voting 表决的矛盾性 paradox of voting 多数决的矛盾 Parallel computing 并行计算 Parallel currency 平行通货制度 Parallel loan 平行贷款 Parallel Tangents (PARTAN) method 平行正切法 Parallelogram law 平

3、行四边形法则 Parameter 参数；母数Parameter constancy testing 参数固定性检定Parameter space 参数空间Parameter specification errors 参数设定误差Parameter stability 参数稳定性Parameterized linear statistical model 参数化线性统计模 型Parametric families of hypotheses 参数化的假设家族 Parametric statistics 有母数统计学Parametric survival model 参数化存活模型Parametr

4、ic tests 参数检定Parametrized distribution formulation of uncertainty 不确 定的参数化分配公式Parent economy 母公司 Parental altruism 父母的利他性 Parental transfers 父母给的移转 Pareto criterion 柏拉图判准 Pareto distribution 柏拉图分配 Pareto dominance 柏拉图优势 Pareto efficiency 柏拉图效率Pareto improving 柏拉图改善Pareto minimum 柏拉图最小Pareto multipli

5、er 柏拉图乘数Pareto optimality 柏拉图最适性Pareto optimum 柏拉图最适Pareto ranked equilibria 柏拉图排序均衡Pareto ranked strict equilibria 柏拉图排序的严格均衡 Pareto-irrelevant externality 柏拉图无关的外部性 Pareto-optimality axiom 柏拉图最适公理Pari passu 平等受偿Parity 平价Parity progression ratio 出生胎次递进率Parsimonious criterion 简化准则Parsimony 简化Partial

6、 adjustment model 部分调整模型Partial autocorrelation 偏自我相关Partial autocorrelation coefficient 偏自我相关系数Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) 偏自我相关函数Partial autoregressive matrix 偏自我回归矩阵Partial coefficient of correlation 偏相关系数Partial correlation 偏相关Partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数Partial equilibrium

7、部份均衡Partial equilibrium analysis 部份均衡分析Partial generalized least squares 偏一般最小平方法Partial integration 部份合一Partial partitioned inverse 部份分割反矩阵Partial process 部份过程Partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数Partial test 个别测验Participating loan 联贷Participating preferred stock 分红优先股Participation constraint 参与限制Pa

8、rticulate matter 悬浮微粒Partition 分割Partition rule 分割定理Partition set 分割集合Partitioned inverse 分割反矩阵Partitioned matrix 分割矩阵Partitioning methods 分割法partitions of information 讯息分割Partner 工作伙伴Partnership 合伙Part-time employment 半职Parzen window 帕尔森窗口Parzen s CAT criterion 帕尔森 CAT准则Pascal lag 帕斯卡尔落迟Pascal lagg

9、ed distribution 帕斯卡尔落迟分配Passbook deposit 存折存款Passbook savings deposit 活期储蓄存款 Passing-on defense 继承抗辩 Pass-through 转嫁Patent 专利Patent race 专利竞赛Patent system 专利制度Patents as barrier to entry 专利形成之参进障碍 Paternalism 父权制度Path 路径Path analysis 径分析Path dependence 依赖现有路径Path diagram 径图 Pattern of trade 贸易型态Paup

10、a labor arguments 贫工论Pay for performance 功绩报酬Pay-as-you-go social security 随收随支制社会安全 Payback period rule 还本期限法则Payment policies for subjects 受实验者的偿付方式 Payment system 支付系统Payments in kind 实物报酬Payoff dominance 优势报酬 payoff perturbation 报酬扰动Payoff transformations 报酬转换 Payoffs 报酬Payroll tax 薪资税 Peak peri

11、od 尖峰期 Peak-load pricing 尖峰定价法 Peakness 峰度Pearson coefficient of correlation 皮尔生相关系数 Pearson test 皮尔生卡方检定Pearson s experimental method 皮尔生试验法 Peasant Agriculture 小农农业Peckham rule 帕克汉法则Pecking order 融资顺位Pecuniary economies of scale 资金取得的规模经济 Pecuniary interest 名目利率Pedal Loom 脚踏织布机 Pegged exchange rat

12、e 钉住汇率 Penalty function 惩罚函数 Penalty rate 惩罚性贴现率 Penetration pricing 渗透订价 Penny stock 跌破面值股票 Pension 退休金Pension funds 退休基金Pension plans 退休金制Per se illegal 当然违法Per se legal 当然合法Per se rule 当然法则Perceived potential entry theory 认知的潜在进入障碍理 论Percentile 百分位数 Perfect asset substitutability 资产完全替代 Perfect a

13、ssociation 完全的关联Perfect Bayesian equilibrium 完全贝氏均衡 Perfect capital mobility 资本完全移动 Perfect compensation 完全赔偿 Perfect competition 完全竞争Perfect complements technology 完全互补性生产技术 Perfect equilibrium 完全均衡Perfect expectation damage 完全预期损失 Perfect foresight 完全预期 perfect information 完备讯息；完全讯息 Perfect multic

14、ollinearity 完全线性重合 Perfect opportunity cost damage 完全机会成本损失 Perfect price discrimination 完全差别订价；第一级差别 订价Perfect price-location equilibrium 完全价格区位均衡 Perfect recall 完全记忆；完整的回忆Perfect substitutes technology 完全替代性生产技术 Perfect-foresight equilibrium 完全预期均衡 Perfect-information judgment 完全信息判断 Perfectly dis

15、criminatory pricing 完全差别定价 Perfectly inequality 完全不均匀Performance 绩效 Performance excuse 免除履行责任 Performance measures 绩效衡量 Period analysis 期间分析 Periodicity 周期性 Periodogram 周期图 Periphery 边陲Permanent income hypothesis 恒常所得假设 Permutation matrix 排列矩阵 Permutation test 排列检定 Perpetuity 永续年金Person coefficient

16、皮尔生系数 Personal income tax 个人所得税 Personal interview 访问调查 Personal-prejudice models 个人偏见模型 Personnel administration 人事管理 persuasive advertising 说服性广告 Perturbation technique 扰动技术 Petrodollars 石油美元 Phase spectrum 谱相图 Phillips curve 菲利普曲线 Phoenicians 腓尼基人 Phonograph 留声机 Photography 照相术Physical layout of

17、laboratory 实验室的实物摆设Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) 生活质量指针 Physician markets 医师市场Physician visits 门诊Physician-induced demand 医师诱发需求 Physiocracy 重农主义Physiocrats 重农学派Picketing 罢工纠察队Pictographs 象形文字Pie chart; pie diagram (派)饼状图 Piece wage 计件工资 Piece-rate pay 计件报酬Piecewise exponential hazard model

18、逐段对数危险模型 Piecewise regression 逐段回归Piecewise regression model 逐段回归模型 Piecewise-constant hazard model 逐段固定危险模型 Pig Iron 生铁Pigou effect 皮古效果Pigouvian tax 皮古税Pilot experiments 先导实验Piracy 海盗；海盗行为Pitman drift 皮得曼漂浮项Pittsburgh plus systems 匹兹堡加成制度Pivot 支点；枢轴Place utility 地域效用Placement 安置就业Plain vanilla swa

19、p; Interest rate swap 利率交换契约Plaintiff 原告Planned Economies 计划经济Plantation 大型栽培农场Plant-specific economies 工场别经济Plastic 塑料Plastic money 塑料货币Platkurtosis 低阔峰Platykurtic 平阔峰Player 对局者；赛者Plea bargaining 认罪协商Plim 机率极限Plow 犁Pluralism 多元化主义Plurarity 高票决Poincare inequality 彭可瑞不等式Point binomial distribution 点二

20、项分配Point elasticity 点弹性Point estimate 点估计值Point estimation 点估计Point forecast 点预测Point-of-sale (POS) payments system 销售点支付系统 Poison Pill 毒药政策Poisson distribution 卜瓦松分配Poisson panel data regression 卜瓦松经纬资料回归Poisson process 卜瓦松随机过程Poisson random sample 卜瓦松随机变数Policy accountability 政策责任归属Policy credibil

21、ity 政策可信度Policy ineffectiveness theorem 政策无效论Policy mix 混合政策Policy reform 政策改革Policy trade-off 政策权衡；政策取舍Political business cycle 政治景气循环Political economy 政治经济学Political economy of trade 贸易的政治经济Political immigrants 政治性移民Political preference function 政策偏好函数Political pressures 政治压力Poll tax 人头税Polling an

22、d survey techniques 民意测验与问卷调查方法Pollutant mix 污染物组合Pollution 污染Pollution abatement 污染防治Pollution control 污染控制Pollution control costs 污染管制成本Pollution control economic incentives 污染管制之经济诱 因Pollution control policy 污染管制政策Pollution control, economics of 污染管制经济学Pollution license 污染许可证Pollution permit mark

23、et 污染许可市场Polycentric Cities 多中心城市Polygon 多边形图Polynomial 多项式Polynomial distributed lag 多项分配落迟Polynomial lags 多项落迟Polynomial spline lag 多项式弧状落迟Polytechnics 科技专科学校Ponzi scheme; Pyramid scheme 老鼠会；金字塔骗局Pooled cross-section time series sample 混合横断面与时 间数列样本Pooled sample proportion 混合的样本比例Pooled sample var

24、iance 混合的样本变异数Pooling data 混合资料Pooling equilibrium 混和均衡Poor Law 济贫法Population 人口Population 母体Population adverse selection 人口反淘汰Population carrying capacity 人口负载能力Population coefficient of determination 母体判定系数Population coefficient of multiple determination 母体多元判定系数Population cross moments 母体的交叉动差Pop

25、ulation density 人口密度Population distribution 母体分配Population explosion 人口爆炸Population gravity 人口重心Population Growth 人口成长Population Growth Rate 人口成长率Population mean 母体平均数Population parameter 母体参数Population policy 人口政策Population pressure 人口压力Population proportion 母体比例Population pyramid 人口金字塔Population r

26、egression coefficient 母体回归系数Population regression line 母体回归线Population regression model 母体回归模型Population regression parameters 母体回归参数Population regression plane 母体回归平面Population regression variance 母体回归变异数Population regulation 人口节制Population standardized regression coefficient 母体之标 准偏差化回归系数Populatio

27、n variance 母体变异数Population-Poverty Cycle 人口贫穷循环Portfolio 资产组合Portfolio diversification 资产组合多样化Portfolio efficiency frontier 资产组合效率前缘Portfolio insurance 资产组合保险投资策略Portfolio-balance approach 资产平衡分析法Portmanteau test 便利的检定Portmanteau test for residuals 残差的简便利检定Position traders 部位交易者Positive 实是性；唯真的Posit

28、ive checks 积极的抑制Positive definite 正定的Positive definite matrices 正定矩阵Positive definite matrix 正肯定对称矩阵Positive definite symmetric matrix 正定对称矩阵Positive duration dependence 正期间相依性Positive economics 实证经济学Positive semidefinite matrices 正半定矩阵Positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵Positive-part Stein-rule estim

29、ator 正部史坦法则估计Positive-rule estimator 正部法则估计Positive-rule variant 正部法则变动Post hoc ergo propter hoc 随之故由之Post hoc fallacy 因果谬误Postal savings system 邮政储金制度Post-dated check 远期支票Posted-bid auction 公告式拍卖Posted-offer auction 竞价公告式的拍卖Posted-offer monopoly 竞价公告独占者Posterior density function 事后密度函数Posterior dis

30、tribution 事后机率分配Posterior expected loss 事后预期损失Posterior information 事后情报Posterior mean 事后均数Posterior median 事后中位数Posterior odds probability 事后机率Post-Keynesian economics 后凯因斯主义Postulation approach 假定方法Potential competition 潜在竞争Potential monopoly power 潜在独占力量Potential Pareto improvement 潜在柏拉图改善Poverty

31、 贫穷Poverty Gap 贫穷缺口Poverty level 贫穷水平Poverty line 贫穷线Poverty measurement 贫穷测度Poverty-Weighted Index 贫穷加权指数Power (1- ) 检定力Power curve 检力曲线Power function 检力函数Power loom 动力织布机Power of test 检力函数Power series approximation 幂级数逼近Power series expansion 幂级数扩展Power spectrum 幂次谱相Power transfer function 转换函数检力P

32、ower-of-attorney account 授权账户Practical effluent fee (PEF) 实际排放费Practical transferable permit (PTP) 实际排放可转换许可 证Prais-Winsten estimator 沛斯温土顿估计式Prebisch-Singer Thesis 普毕许辛格论点Precautionary motive 预防性动机Precedent 判例Precise estimation 估计精度Precise observations 观察精度Precision 精确度Precision matrix 精确度矩阵Precons

33、piracy 意图共谋Predactory pricing 掠夺性订价Predation 掠夺Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价Predetermined variable 先决变数Predict 预测Prediction criterion 预测准则Prediction error 预测误差Prediction function 预测函数Predictive density function 预测密度函数Predictive stochastic complexity 预测随机复杂度 Predictor space 预测空间Preemption 抢先Preemptive righ

34、t 优先认股权Preference 偏好Preference revelation 偏好显现Preference reversals 偏好逆转Preferential duty 优惠关税Preferential rate 优惠率Preferential routing 优先安排Preferential system 优惠制度Preferential tariff 优惠关税Preferential trading agreements 优惠贸易协议Preferred habitat hypothesis of the term structure 期限结 构的栖息所假设Preferred sto

35、ck 优先股Pregame cheap talk 赛前闲聊Pregame communication 赛前沟通Pre-Industrial 工业革命以前Pre-Industrial Model of Production 工业革命以前的生产 模式Pre-Industrial Modernization 工业革命以前的现代化 Preliminary transformations 初步转换Preliminary-test estimator 初步检定估计Premarket discrimination 市场前歧视Premature convergence 早熟收敛Premium 贴水；保险费Pr

36、emium on capital stock 股本溢价Prepackaged bankruptcy 事先整装倒闭Pre-play negotiation 赛前磋商 Preponderance-of-the- evidence 证据确凿 Pre-sample disturbances 事前样本干扰Prescription Acts 处方法案Prescription drugs 处方药品Prescriptive regulations 规定性管制 present goods 现在财 Present value (PV) 现值Present value of net benefits (PVNB)

37、净效益的现值 Present-orientation 现实导向Presumptive taxation 推定课税Pre-test 预先检定Pre-test estimator 预先检定估计式Pretrial 审判前的发现程序 Prevention of pollution 预防污染 Preventive check 预防的抑制Pre-white 漂白Pre-whitened input series 事先白化投入序列Price 价格Price approach 价格法；定价取向Price cap regulation 价格上限管制Price ceilings 价格上限Price coeffic

38、ient 价格系数Price competition 价格竞争Price discrimination 价格歧视；差别取价Price elasticity 价格弹性Price elasticity of demand 价格需求弹性Price elasticity of substitution 价格替代弹性Price fixing 价格固定Price fixing agreement 统一订价协议Price fixing conspiracies 统一订价共谋Price floor 价格下限Price gain 价格利得Price game 价格赛局Price index 物价指数Price

39、indices 价格指数Price inflexibility 价格无弹性Price information feedback 价格信息的回馈效果Price leadership 价格领导Price level 物价水平Price line 价格线Price lining 价格底限Price list auction 价格目录式拍卖Price mechanism 价格机能Price policy 价格政策Price protection plans 价格保护计划Price revolution 价格革命Price revolution in Europe 欧洲的价格革命Price rigidi

40、ty 价格僵固Price scissors 价格剪Price searcher 寻价者Price sensitivity index 价格敏感度指数Price signals 价格信号Price Specie Flow Mechanism 物价与黄金流动机能 Price squeeze 价格压榨Price support 价格支持Price surface 价格曲面Price system 价格制度Price taker 价格接受者Price theory 价格理论Price war 价格战Price-choosing behavior 价格选择行为Price-cost margin 价格成本

41、差距Price-location equilibrium 价格区位均衡 Price-quantity schedule 价量表Price-specie-flow mechanism 物价与现金流量机能 Price-taking behavior 价格接受行为 Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio 本益比Pricing 定价Pricing efficiency 价格效率Primal-Dual Inequality 原对偶不等式Primary care 基础医疗Primary data; raw data 初级资料；原始资料 Primary deposit 自发性存款；原始存

42、款 Primary education 初等教育Primary market 初级市场 Primary reserve 第一准备Primary sector 农业；第一级产业Primary standards 主要标准 Primary-line injury 主要伤害 Prime rate; Base rate 基本利率Principal 本金Principal component 主成份Principal components analysis 主成份分析 Principal components regression 主成份回归 Principal-agent problem 委托人代理人

43、问题 Principal-agent theory 当事人代理人理论 Principle of minimum differentiation 最小差异原则 Principle of neutrality 中性原则 principle of revealed preference 显示偏好原理 Principle of tax administration 税务行政法则 Principle of taxation 课税原则Principle-agent relationship 当事人代理人关系 Principle-agent theory 当事人代理人理论 Prior conditional

44、 variance 事前机率条件变异数 Prior density 事前密度Prior distribution 事前机率分配Prior information 事前讯息Prior odds 事前胜率Prior probability 事前机率；先验机率Priori information 事前情报Priori restrictions 事前限制 Priority of re-employment 优先召回 Prisoner s Dilemma Game 囚犯两难赛局 Prisoners dilemma 囚犯两难Privacy 隐私Private 私人的Private antitrust su

45、it 私人反托拉斯诉讼Private banking 个人服务银行业Private cost 私人成本Private goods 私有财Private information 私有讯息Private issue 非公开发行Private lebel products 私人标记产品Private marginal benefit 私人边际利益Private marginal cost 私人边际成本Private marginal welfare 私人边际福利Private Ownership 私人所有权Private placement 私下募集Private Property 私有财产Priv

46、ate sector union wage 私部门工会工资Private total welfare 私人总福利Private value 私人价值Private value auction models 私人价值拍卖模型Private value auctions 私人价值拍卖Private workout 私下和解Privatization 民营化Probabilistic model 机率模型Probability 机率Probability assessment 机率估测Probability density function 机率密度函数 probability distributi

47、on 机率分配Probability distribution table 机率分配表Probability elicitation 机率引出Probability function 机率函数Probability histogram 机率直方图Probability judgment 机率判定Probability limit (Plim) 机率极限Probability mass 机率质量Probability mass function 机率质量函数Probability matching 机率撮合Probability sampling 机率抽样Probability term 机率因

48、素Probationary period 缓刑期间Probit 常态机率Probit model 常态机率模型Probit transformation 常态机率转换Problem of adjustment 调整问题Problems of multicollinearity 线性重合的问题Procedural unconscionability 程序不正当Process 过程Process innovation 制程创新Process with independent increments 独立增量过程Process with stationary increments 平稳(恒定)性增量

49、过程Procurement 采购；收购；取得Procurement contracts 采购契约Procurement regulation 采购管制Producer prices 生产者价格Producer tax 产品税Producer s surplus 生产者剩余Producers 生产者Product bulk 产品大小Product charge 产品收费Product compatibility 产品兼容性Product cycle 产品周期Product delineation 产品界定Product differentiation 产品差异化Product dimension

50、 产品层次Product diversification 产品多角化Product extension mergers 产品扩充结合Product group 产品群Product innovation 产品创新Product Liability Law 产品责任法Product market definition 产品市场定义Product proliferation 产品增殖Product quality 产品质量Product selection 产品选择Product space 产品空间Product standardization 产品标准化Product variety 产品多样

51、化Product-cycle model 产品周期模型Product-cycle theorem 产品循环论Production 生产Production efficiency 生产效率Production externalities 生产外部性Production function 生产函数Production possibilities frontier (PPF) 生产可能线Production possibilities set 生产可能集合Production possibility curve (PPC) 生产可能线Production techniques 生产技术Product

52、ive efficiency 生产效率Productivity bargaining 生产力议价Productivity offset factor (X factor ) 生产力抵减因子Product-market competition 产品市场竞争Product-market decision 产品市场决策Product-market incentives 产品市场诱因 Product-possibility sets 产品可能组合Products liability 商品制作责任Product-specific economies 产品别经济Product-specific servi

53、ces 特定产品服务Profit 利润Profit margin 利润率Profit maximization 利润极大化Profit tax 利润税Profit theory 利润说Profitability 获利力Profit-concentration relationships 利润集中度关连Profit-level regulation 利润水平管制Profit-maximization hypothesis 利润极大化假说 Profits 利润Profits maximization 追求利润最大Profit-sharing plans 利润分享制 Prognosis 事前预测 P

54、rogram trading 程序交易 Progressive tax 累进税 Progressiveness 进步 Prohibition 禁止Prohibitive duty 寓禁关税 Prohibitive tariff 寓禁关税 Project appraisal 计划评估 Projection theorem 投影定理 Projective methods 投影方法 Proletarian 普罗阶级；无产阶级 Promissory bank note 银行本票 Promissory note 本票 Promotion 升迁Promotion tournaments 升迁竞赛 Prom

55、otional allowance 促销折让 Pronatalist policy 鼓励生育政策 Propensity to import 输入倾向 Proper equilibrium 正均衡 Proper scoring rule 适当得分法则 proper subgame 正规式子赛局；正子赛局 Property right 财产权 Property rule 财产法则 Property tax 财产税 Property value 房地产价值 Proportinate selection 比例性筛定 Proportional hazards model 比例危险模型；比例转机模 型Pr

56、oportional tax 比例税 Proposition 前提；建议 Proprietorship 独资Prospective payment system (PPS) 前瞻性支付制度 Prospectus 募股公开说明书Protection forest 保安林 Protectionism 保护主义 Protectionist 保护主义者 Protective duty 保护关税Protective labor laws 劳工保护法 Protective tariff 保护性关税Protestant ethic 新教伦理 Proto-Factories 原始工厂 Proto-Indust

57、rialization 原始工业化 Provident fund 公积金 Provider 医疗服务提供商 Proximate cause 近似原因 Proxy 投票委托书；代理人 Proxy fights 委托书争夺战 Proxy statement 投票委托书Proxy variables 代理变量Pseudo 虚拟的；建构的Pseudo likelihood 拟（建构）的概似Pseudo maximum likelihood equations 拟（建构） 的最大 概方程式Pseudo panel 拟方格Pseudo-true model 拟（建构）的真模型Psychic costs 心

58、理成本 Psychological pricing 心理定价法 Psychology of education 教育心理学 Public （sector） unions 公部门工会 Public bads 公害Public choice 公共选择Public choice theory 公共选择理论Public consumption goods 公共消费财Public debt 公债public decisions 公共决策Public economics 公共经济学Public economy 公经济Public enforcement of antitrust law 反托拉斯法的公共执

59、 行Public enterprise 公营事业Public expenditure 公共支出Public facility 公共设施Public fund 公共基金Public good 公共财Public good contribution experiments 公共财捐献实验Public goods 公共财Public goods experiments 公共财实验Public goods game 公共财赛局Public housing 国民住宅Public interest 公共利益Public interest theory 公共利益理论Public intermediate g

60、oods 公共中间财Public issue 公开发行Public Libraries Act 公共图书馆法案Public nuisance 公众厌恶的事物Public ownership 公共所有权Public policy 公共政策Public production 公家生产Public provision 公家提供Public regulation 公共管制Public revenue 公共收入Public schools 公立学校Public sector 公部门Public sector pricing 公部门定价法Public utilities 公用事业Public Utilit