航空外文翻译-集成的空中交通管制用户界面

1、1700单词，9100英文字符，2550汉字出处：JohannssonH,HvannbergEP.IntegrationofairtrafficcontroluserinterfacesC/DigitalAvionicsSystemsConference,2004.Dasc04.the.2004:2.B.1-21-11Vol.1.附录：外文资料翻译资料：INTEGRATIONOFAIRTRAFFICCONTROLUSERINTERFACESHlynurJohannsson,EbbaPoraHvannbergAbstractCommunicationandsurveillancecapabili

2、tiesinoceanicairtrafficcontrolareimprovingandtheamountofairtrafficwillincreasesignificantlyoverthenextdecades.Thisrequiresnewsystemsandprocedurestobeincorporatedintotheoceanicairtrafficcontrollerworkstation.TheIcelandicCivilAviationAdministration(ICAA)islookingatwaystointegratethecurrentsetofuserint

3、erfacesusedatReykjavikOceanicCenterinanefforttoincreasecontrollerperformance.Theworkstationconsistsofthreedifferentuserinterfaces,theFlightDataProcessingSystems(FDPS),whichpresentselectronicflightstripstothecontroller,theRadarDisplay,whichdisplaysradardataandtheSituationDisplay,whichisabackupsystemf

4、ortheFDPSsystem.Threeapproachesforintegrationarepresentedandclaimsanalysisusedtoselectbetweenthem.TheresultoftheclaimsanalysisandcontrollerspreferencewasaspatialdisplaywheretheFDPSsystemisintegratedintotheRadarDisplay.Apaperprototypewascreatedandpresentedtoqualifiedairtrafficcontrollersinordertogetf

5、eedbackontheprototypedesignaswellasthetransitionfromatemporaldisplaytospatialdisplay.Thispaperdiscussestheprototypedesignandtheresultsfromtwouser-testingsessionsatICAA.IntroductionAirtrafficovertheoceanwillincreasesignificantlyinthenextdecadesandtechnologiesandproceduresusedtocontrolairtraffictodayw

6、illnotbeabletohandletheincreasedtraffic1,2,3.Eventodaytheairtrafficsystemisnearingcapacitymeaningthatpassengersarenotgettingtheservicetheyneedandexpect2.Increasedtrafficandemphasisonsafetywilldemandreducedseparationminimaandmoreefficientroutingforaircrafttravelingovertheocean.Withemergingtechnologyl

7、ikeAutomaticDependantSurveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)andControllerPilotDataLinkCommunication(CPDLC),systemdevelopmentneedstoadapttochangingtechnologyintheairtrafficcontroldomainDesignershavebeenresearchingwaystoincorporatechangingtechnologyintoATCworkstationsandmovetoolstothedigitalworld.Someoftheworkh

8、asbeenfocusedondesigningdigitalstripsinplaceofpaperstrips4.Besidescharacterizingtheworkingenvironmentandpracticesofairtrafficcontrollersinanethnographicstudy,MacKay,et.al,havesuggestedseveralideasfortheATCworkstationandreportedlyoneofthemostsuccessfuloneistoallowcontrollerstotouchtheflightstripwitha

9、penandthenhighlighttheplaneontheradardisplay5.Augmentingflightstripsbymakingthemphysicalobjectsandmakingthemtheinterfacetoacomputerisanalternativetoeitherkeepingthepaperstripsorreplacingthemwithdigitalcounterpartsthatareimplementedwithakeyboardandamonitor6.Fieldset.a1concludethatwheremultiplemediaex

10、istitmightbetemptingtointegrateflightstripsandradarintoasinglecoordinatedrepresentation7.However,theypointoutthatwhentheburdenofintegrationisreducedsoistherequirementtohumanstointegrateinformationresultinginaworsementalmodel7.AllrecognizetheATCworkstationasacollaborativeworkingenvironmentinwhichdiff

11、erentactorsneedtoworktogether,thecontrollers,pilots,flightoperatorsandcommunicationrelayoperators.AtCENA,workhasbeencarriedoutintheToccataprojecttodevelopdigitalstrips4.Someofthefeaturesareanimation;touchscreens,textureandcolorgradation,andgestures.ThecontrollerworkstationatIcelandicCivilAviationAdm

12、inistration(ICAA)consistsofthreegraphicaluserinterfaces,theFDPSsystem,whichmanageselectronicflightstrips,theRadarDisplay,whichdisplaysradardataandSituationDisplay,whichisabackupsystemfortheFDPSsystemanddisplaysthedatafromflightstripsonageographicalbackground.Thesesystemsarepresentedtothecontrollerus

13、inguptofourdifferentcomputerscreensmakingtheworkstationbigand,accordingtothecontrollers,inconvenienttouse,especiallyinhighlystressfulsituations.TheICAAislookingatwaystointegratethecurrentsetofuserinterfacesinanefforttoincreasecontrollerperformance.Thispaperproposesaspatialdisplayforairtrafficcontrol

14、inoceanicairtrafficcontrolregioninordertoincreasecontrollerperformance,simplifythecontrollerworkstationandtomakethetransitiontofuturetechnologyeasier.TemporalDisplayInthisapproachtheradardataisprocessedanddisplayedintheFDPSsystemasapartofaflightstrip.Anewboxisaddedtotheflightstripthatcontainsradarin

15、formationforanaircraftposition.Thisboxisthenupdatedatthesamerateastheradardataisintheradardisplay.Theaircraftcontinuetobegroupedwithotheraircraftinthesameflightlevelasbefore.Additionalinformationfoundintheradardatablockisaddedtotheflightstrip.Obviously,theextraboxandaddedinformationareonlyavailablew

16、hileaircraftisinradarcoverage;ifanaircraftisnotinradarcoveragetheextraboxandinformationisexcludedfromtheflightstrip.SpatialDisplayInthisapproachtheFDPSsystemandSituationDisplayareintegratedintotheRadarDisplay.ThismeansthattheinformationfoundontheflightstripsismovedintotheRadarDisplayforspatialpresen

17、tation.Aircrafticonsareusedtodistinguishbetweendifferentsurveillancesourcesandtherouteforeachaircraftisdisplayedasalinebetweenthewaypointsdefinedintheaircraftsflightplan.Distinctionbetweenaircraftthatarelevantcontrollerisresponsiblefor,fromotheraircraftisavailablethroughcolor-codingorbyonlydisplayin

18、gaircraftthatisunderthecontrollerscontrol.Whenacontrollerwantstogiveaclearancetoapilothewouldrightmouseclicktheaircraftinquestionandselectfromamenuwhatactiontotaketheselectedaircraft.InformationfoundintheflightstripswillhavetobeaddedinanewdesignofthedatablockSynchronizationbetweenFDPSSystemandRadarD

19、isplayinthisapproachtheFDPSsystemandtheRadarDisplayshowthesamesector(s)thatacontrollerisresponsiblefor.ThecontrollerhastwoRadardisplaysrunning;onethatshowsaglobalviewofthesectorandanotherthatissynchronizedwiththeFDPS.TheFDPSsystemandthesynchronizedinstanceoftheRadarDisplayhavethesamesetaircraftvisib

20、le.InthesynchronizedworkstationacontrollerworkingonaspecificaircraftorsetofaircraftintheFDPSsystemthecontrollerseesthesameaircraft(s)highlightedintheRadarDisplay,andviceversa.Thiswoulddecreasecontrollerssearchtimewhencomparinginformationbetweenthetwosystems.NosynchronizationisimplementedfortheSituat

21、ionDisplaysinceitisabackupsystemandisnotusedwhencontrollingaircraft.ImprovedSpatialDisplayPrototypeThemainissuesthatwereraisedduringusertestingofversiononearehowdifferentsurveillancesourcesarepresented,cluttering,trustandimprovedflightsurveillance.Clutteringandtrustaresubjectsforfutureresearchprojec

22、tsbuttheissuesofhowtopresentsurveillancesourcesaswellashowflightsurveillancecanbeimprovedwereaddressedinversiontwoofthespatialprototype.Intrudingaircraft,projectionofroutesandrepresentationofflightlevelsarefeaturesthataredesignedinthesecondversion.Intrudingaircraft,i.e.aircraftthatdeviatefromtheiras

23、signedflightplancancompromisethesafety,securityandefficiencyoftheATCsystem.Conformancemonitoringisthereforerequiredtodetectdeviationssothatcorrectiveactioncanbeinitiated17.Inthespatialprototypeaircraftthatarenotconformingtotheirflightplanarecolorcodedwithred-browncolor.Anotherfeaturepresentedinthepr

24、ototypeistoallowcontrollerstovisuallyprojectaircraftposition,asdefinedintheirflightplan,bymovingasliderbackandforth.Thecontrollersthattookpartinthelatterusertestingwerepresentedwiththesetwoideastogetfeedbackonwhetheritwouldbeusefulwhenconductingflightsurveillance.Figure7showsascreenshotofthesouthsec

25、torfortheimprovedprototype.Thesliderisinthebottomlefthandcomer.Inordertogivecontrollersmoresupportwhenconductingflightsurveillanceflightlevelbuttonshavebeenaddedtothedisplay,neartheleftverticaledgeofthewindow.Onlybuttonsthatapplytoflightlevelsunderthecontrollerscontrolaredisplayed.Thesebuttonsaregre

26、enwhentherearenoconflictsintherelevantflightlevelbutturnyelloworredifconflictshavebeenidentified.Redandyellowcolorsareusedtoindicateawarningoralertstateforconflicts.ConclusionsTheresultoftheprototypedesignandusertestisthreefold.First,thesuggestedaircrafticonsmaynotbeenoughtodistinguishbetweensurveil

27、lancesources.Researchneedstobedoneinordertodeterminewhetheraircrafticonsareenoughdistinctionorwhetherothermeasure,suchascolorcoding,needstobeaddedintotheprototype.Secondly,informationclutteringneedstobeexaminedtomakesurethatitwillnotbeaproblemifatransitiontoaspatialenvironmentwillbeimplementedatICAA

28、.Intheformedusertestingsessioncontrollersexpressedconcernswiththeamountofinformationbeingdisplayedaswellasamountofcolorcodingused.Third,controllersweremorepositiveduringtheseconditerationregardingflightsurveillancecapabilitiesbecauseoftheaddedsupportthatwasaddedintheseconddesigniteration.However,ino

29、rdertotrulydeterminewhetherthespatialprototypeisbettersuitedforflightsurveillanceandflightcommandingresearchneedstobeconductedonanimplementedprototypewherethesetwoaspectsofairtrafficcontrolareexamined.Suchastudywoulddeterminewhetherusingflightstrips(temporal)oraspatialdisplayismoresuitableforflights

30、urveillanceandflightcommanding.Itisinterestingthatwhencontrollerswereaskedwhethertheyconsideredspatialdisplayasthefutureofairtrafficcontrol5outof6saidyes.Thisisaclearindicationthatthedesignofspatialdisplaysisanimportantsubjectforfutureresearch.Paperprototypesareconsideredoneofthebestprototypingtechn

31、iquesbecauseitistheeasiestmethodtousewhenbuildinguserinterfacedesigns12.Itishoweverapparentthatwhenthedesignisforasafetycriticalsystemtherearelimitationtothepaperprototypesbecauseissuesliketrustandclutteringcannotbeaddressedwithoutanimplementedprototyperunning.集成的空中交通管制用户界面绪论在未来的几十年，洋区空中交通管制的通信和监视能力

32、将明显改善，空中交通流量将显著增加。这就需要将新的制度和程序纳入海洋空中交通管制工作站。冰岛民航总局协会（）目前正在努力寻找整合雷克雅维克海洋中心使用的用户界面的方法，以提高管制能力。工作站由三个不同的用户界面组成，包括展示给管制员电子飞行进程单的飞行数据处理系统（），显示雷达数据的雷达显示系统和一个为备份的现状显示系统。提出了三种集成方法，并运用整体分析方法从中挑选一种。通过整体分析法和管制员的表现得出，集成飞行数据处理系统在空间雷达显示的方法比较适合。纸质标准和合格管制员的表现可以反映出设计标准和从时间到空间的过渡。本文从两个用户测试论述了的设计标准和测试结果。引言在未来的几十年里，洋区的

33、空中交通流量将会显著增长，而现行的空中交通管制技术和方法将不足以应对空中交通流量的增长。即使在今天，空中交通系统容量已经接近饱和，致使乘客不能得到他们所需要和期望的相应服务。流量的增加和对安全的重视将要求缩小最小间隔和更有效的洋区空中交通航路。自动相关监视广播（）和管制员与飞行员的数据链通信系统（）等新技术的发展适应了不断发展的空中交通管制领域。程序设计者一直在研究如何将空管技术工作站和移动工具合并成一个数字世界。其中有些工作一直将注意力投放于如何用电子进程单取代纸质进程单。结合特定的工作环境和空管人员特定的学习，如等，提出了一些建议，其中最成功的想法是允许管制员用笔填写电子进程单的同时在雷达

34、显示屏上突出显示该飞机。通过增加飞行进程单使他们通过实物和计算机界面相对应，要么保持纸质进程单，要么用通过键盘和显示器实现的电子进程单。多个领域的实践证明多媒体的出现将会使得飞行进程单和雷达的结合成一个协调的整体。他们指出，一体化整合了信息减少了负担，但是却降低了管制人员的心理素质。工作站的所有单位作为一个协作的工作环境，需要管制员、飞行员、航空公司和电信运营商一同协调配合。塞尼亚已经将工作进行到开发数据链了，其中有动画、触摸屏、质地和颜色分级和手势等特点。冰岛民航空管局的管制室有三个显示系统，分别是显示电子进程单的飞行数据处理系统、显示雷达数据的雷达显示、对飞行数据处理系统和雷达数据的备份显

35、示。这些系统用四个不同的显示器呈现给管制员，这不仅占用了很多地方，而且在高度紧张的工作环境下对管制员来说是极为不方便的。目前正在寻找办法来集成这些显示界面以提高管制效率。本文为洋区空中交通管制提出了一种空间显示的方法，可以简化管制工作和更容易地转换到新技术，提高管制效率。时间显示在这种方法中，雷达数据处理和飞行数据处理系统的显示作为飞行进程单的一部分。添加一个新的显示框，在雷达显示器上显示航空器位置信息。新增的这个显示框同步更新航空器的雷达数据。将相同高度层的航空器分配到一个组，雷达数据的备注信息也增加到这个新的显示框。显然，航空器在被雷达覆盖的时候这个额外的显示框和增加的信息是唯一可用的；如果航空器没有被雷达覆盖，则这个航空器的相关信息就不会显示在屏幕上。空间显示在这种方法中，飞行数据处理系统数据和航空器的飞行趋势将集成显示到雷达屏幕上。这就意味着将飞行进程单的信息转移到空间显示的显示屏上。飞机的图标用于区分不同监测来源，将每个航空器和航路点的连线显示加