PowerPoint PresentationDevelopmental PsychologyPowerPoint演示文稿发展心理学

1、Developmental Psychology2110 3.0 H (Fall Term)Introduction Developmental QuizDefinition of Development The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life spanWhy Study Life-Span Development?You can gain insight to your own life as a child, adolescent, an

2、d young adult.You will learn about life through the adult yearsmiddle age, and old age.You may be a parent or a teacher some day.Life-span development is linked with many different areas of psychology.Assumptions influence practicesOriginal Sin - children were perceived as being basically bad, born

3、into the world as evil beings.Tabula Rasa - children are like a “blank tablet,” and acquire their characteristics through experience.Innate Goodness - children are inherently good.Where do our assumptions come from?Tradition Personal experience ExpertsResearchHistory:Aristotle (384-322 BCE)Young Men

4、: “Young men have strong passions, and tend to gratify them indiscriminately”Elderly Men: “They are cynical small-minded, cowardly, and are always anticipating danger they love life; and all the more when their last day has come ”Men in their prime: “all the valuable qualities that youth and age div

5、ide between them are united in the prime of life . the body is in its prime from thirty to five-and-thirty; the mind about forty-nine” History:English-speaking pioneersCharles Darwin (1809-1882): “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant” (1877)G.S. Hall (1844-1924): “Adolescence” (1907):”Most savages in

6、most respects are children, or, because of sexual maturity, more properly, adolescents of adult size”Traditional Approach vs. Life-Span ApproachThe traditional approach emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age.The life-span

7、approach emphasizes developmental change during adulthood as well as childhood.Characteristics of the Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment is lifelongDevelopment is multidimensionalDevelopment is multidirectionalDevelopment is plasticDevelopment is contextualDevelopment is studied by a number of discipl

8、inesDevelopment involves growth, maintenance, and regulationDevelopment is LifelongNo age period dominates development. Researchers increasingly study the experiences and psychological orientations of adults at different points in their development.Development is MultidimensionalThere are biological

9、 dimensions.There are cognitive dimensions.There are socioemotional dimensions.Development is MultidirectionalSome dimensions or components of a dimension increase in growth.Some dimensions or components of a dimension decrease in growth.Development is PlasticPlasticity involves the degree to which

10、characteristics change or remain stable.Development is ContextualNormative age-graded influences Normative history-graded influencesNonnormative life eventsDevelopment is Studied by a Number of DisciplinesPsychologistsSociologistsAnthropologistsNeuroscientistsMedical ResearchersThe Three Goals of Hu

11、man DevelopmentMaintenanceGrowthRegulationBiological ProcessesInvolve changes in the individuals physical nature such as:Height and weight gainsThe development of the brainChanges in motor skillsCardiovascular declineCognitive ProcessesInvolve changes in the individuals thought, intelligence, and la

12、nguage such as:Watching a mobile swing above a cribCreating a two-word sentenceMemorizing a poemImagining being a movie starSocioemotional ProcessesInvolve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality such as: An infant smiling from her

13、mothers touchA young boy hitting a playmateA girls joy at her senior promThe affection of an elderly couplePeriods of DevelopmentThe prenatal periodInfancyEarly childhoodMiddle and late childhoodAdolescenceEarly adulthoodMiddle adulthoodLate adulthoodThe Prenatal PeriodThe time from conception to bi

14、rthFrom a single cell to an organism complete with a brain and behavioral capabilitiesApproximately a 9-monthperiodInfancyThe developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 monthsA time of extreme dependency on adultsMany psychological activities are just beginningEarly ChildhoodThe developmental perio

15、d extending from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 yearsOften called the “preschool years”Children learn to become more self-sufficientChildren now develop school readiness skillsChildren spend many hours playing with peersMiddle and Late ChildhoodThe developmental period extending from about 6 to

16、11 years of ageApproximately corresponds to the elementary school yearsFundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are masteredChild is formally exposed to larger world and its cultureAdolescenceThe developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthoodentered at 10-12 years

17、, ending at 18-22 yearsBegins with rapid physical changes.Pursuit of independence and identity are prominentThought is now more logical, abstract, and idealisticEarly AdulthoodThe developmental period beginning in the late teens or early twenties and lasting through the thirtiesA time of establishin

18、g personal and economic independenceAlso a time of career developmentEarly adults select a mate, start a family, and rear childrenMiddle AdulthoodThe developmental period beginning around 40 years of age and extending to about 60A time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibilityA

19、lso a time of assisting the next generation in becoming competentMiddle adults reach and maintain satisfaction in a careerLate AdulthoodThe developmental period beginning in the sixties or seventies and lasting until deathA time of adjustment to decreasing strength and healthAlso a time of life revi

20、ew, retirement, and new social rolesAge Groups in Late AdulthoodThe Young Old, or Old Age (65-74 years of age)The Old Old, or Late Old Age (75 years and older)The Oldest Old (85 years and older)Age and HappinessNo particular age group says they are happier or more satisfied than any other age group.

21、Conceptions of AgeChronological AgeBiological AgePsychological AgeSocial AgeChronological AgeThe number of years that have elapsed since a persons birthBiological AgeA persons age in terms of biological healthPsychological AgeAn individuals adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals

22、of the same chronological ageSocial AgeRefers to social roles and expectations related to a persons ageDevelopmental IssuesNature vs. NurtureContinuity vs. DiscontinuityStability vs. ChangeActivity vs. passivityUniversal vs. particularThe Nature-Nurture IssueInvolves the debate about whether develop

23、ment is primarily influenced by nature or nurtureNatureAn organisms biological inheritanceNurtureAn organisms environmental experiencesThe Continuity-Discontinuity IssueThis issue focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.ContinuityDevelopment results from a gradual process occurring over several weeks, months, and possibly years.DiscontinuityDevelopment