2018年12月大学英四级阅读试卷解析

1、资料来源：天津新东方培训学校网站 HYPERLINK / /2018 年 12 月大学英四级阅读试卷解析Section A（空气污染篇）millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of cost

2、s 27with air pollution. Only considering lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28like home heating and cooking, has remain 29over the past several decades despiteadvances in the area. Levels of out

3、door pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth inindustry and transportation. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray it as an“ urgent call to action.” “ One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31,

4、” he said.The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost labor income 32nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 and 10 people in low and middle income countries live in places where they 33experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.But the problem is not limit

5、ed 34to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in theU.S. as a result of related ailments. In many European countries, where diesel 35have become more common in recent years, that number reaches in the tens of thousands.题目解析： 本次四级选词填空相比往年的难度并没有过多差异，单词的考察的还是不同词性用法以及词正确形式的使用。除此之外， 根据文章上下文选择符合

6、文章逻辑的正确含义的词依旧是难点。 所以，选词填空对于绝大部分的学生来说，应该明确的思路是缩小选择范围，这样才能最大可能的判断正确选项。缩小选择范围的四个步骤：1.划分词性2.判断主旨 3.判断词性与形式4.代入选项划分词性。将 15 个单词根据尾缀划分为四组单词。判断主旨。本篇文章延续了与今年上半年考过的主题环境污染。关于主题的判断可根据文章的名词重点捕捉，而无需探究每一个词的含义。判断词性与形式。这部分主要结合出题人在设计此类题型时，常用的句式，记住并套用即可。词的形式主要针对的是动词和名词，当判断出词性后，需要判断动词的词性、名词的单复数。带入选项。这一步在备选选项大于一个时较难，因为需

7、要考生结合文章的逻辑，选择符合文意的单词，考察学生的词汇量。下面将根据具体的题目，将3、4 步进行说明。答案：F. damage .根据空前为形容词，判断出空缺处为名词，根据上文，空气污染每年给全球经济造成超过5 万亿美元的福利成本， 对于发展中国家带来最大的伤害，因此选择 damage。B.associated 空前为the figures include a number of costs 27with air pollution空格前主谓宾齐全，可判断空格处和后面的with 构成短语做后置定语修饰前面的cost。Associate 与be with构成固定搭配。符合文意。网站 HYPER

8、LINK / /M.sources. Indoor pollution, which includes 28,空前为动词，可知空格处为名词来做动词的宾语。第二段首句表示据报道污染you 室内和室外污染，室内污染包括像home heating and cooking。D.constant. like home heating and cooking, has remain 29over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Remain 作为系动词后应跟形同次，因此根据文意选择constant。30.G.descirbed

9、Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30it as an“ urgent call to action. 根据出题”人常考句式n_n v. 空前为名词空后为名词， 此处应填入及物动词，因此根据文意选择described。E control空格前为形容词 little ，空格处做 have 的宾语， 因此填名词， 和 over 形成词组， 因此选择 control ，control over 控制，此句意为过早死亡的危险因素之一为我们呼吸的空气，个人对它几乎没有控制权。H equals 空格前为

10、 lost labor income 为名词，定语从句中的主语，空格后为 of 结构的名词，因此判断出空格为谓语，选动词，且第三人称单数形式，选择 equals，此句意为空气污染的影响在发展中国家最为糟糕，在一些地方，劳动收入的损失相当于近 GDP 的 1%。K regularly 空格前为名词，空格后为动词，判断出空格为副词，选择 regularly ，此句意为在低收入与中等收入的国家，大约 9-10 人生活在经常遭受严重室外空气污染的地方。I exclusively空格前为谓语动词，空格后为be limited to 的宾语，句子成分完整，判断空格为副词，选择 exclusively ，此

11、句意为但是这个问题不仅仅局限于发展中国家。O vehicles 空格前为名词 /形容词， 空格后为谓语动词， 判断出空格为主语名词， 由 diesel限定修饰，选择 vehicles，此句意为，在许多欧洲国家，柴油汽车近年变得越来越普遍，这个数字达到了数万辆。Section BFood-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing ProgressSeveral times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach, California, wear

12、ing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her someidea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy.“Have you thought abouttrying fresh juices in the morning? ”h

13、e asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is progra

14、m director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The centers Shop with Your Doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.N

15、adeau notices the pre-made macaroni ( 通心粉 )-and-cheese boxes in Scotts shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So Id have to make it ？”sheasks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I m not sure the

16、y d eat it. They just won t eat it.”Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children.“In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food, ”Nadeau tells her.“And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to rever

17、se that.”Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.网站 HYPERLINK / /Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but its ma

18、king progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物 ). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such asShop with your Doc , they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what

19、patients eat.“Theres no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices, ”Nadeau says.In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the

20、state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an

21、ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it.“We really want to link food and medicine, and not justgive away food, ”says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital s me

22、dical director of Healthy Food Initiatives.“We want people to understand what they re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives. ”In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine th

23、at is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reversediseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say

24、 that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and

25、stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.“It s a different paradigm （范式） of how to treat disease,”says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helpsrun the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of

26、Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which

27、foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.Many people don t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up.That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching peopleabout which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can act

28、ually transform a patient s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family.“What people eat can be medicine or poison, ”Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease. ”Studies

29、 have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎症） , for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.网站 HYPERLINK / /“As

30、what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen, ”says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it. ”题目解析： 本篇长篇阅读难度较低， 基本上匹配段落与题干都可找到一致性的词语

31、，做题时只需依照固定的思路和方法进行即可。文章无需仔细阅读，先从题干出发， 选择名词作为关键词，接着以段落为单位在各个段落的收尾处进行关键词的对应。在寻找关键词的同时应注 意两点，同义替换以及特殊单词（中文释义、转折词）。做题时应先易后难提高效率。More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.答案： D解析：本题考察同义替换【 D 】 Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among

32、 children.“In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,”Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.”Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one pointfor the doctor,

33、zero for diabetes.B37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.答案： B解析：本题考察原词定位【B 】Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health al

34、liance. The center s Shop with Your Doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients whosign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.答案：

35、G解析：本题考查同义替换+概括总结【G】In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse

36、 diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American

37、 diet contribute to the nation s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and strokeare caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.A healthy

38、 breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.答案： A解析：本题考查同义替换【A 】Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day,网站 HYPERLINK / /this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, w

39、andering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her someidea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy.“Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning? ”he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brai

40、n. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.答案： I解析：本题考查同义替换Many people don t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. Tha

41、t means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient s life.And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family.“What people eatcan be med

42、icine or poison, ”Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease. ”One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.答案： F解析：本题考查同义替换与概括总结。F In the big picture, s

43、ays Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuc

44、kerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, alongwith intensive training in how to cook it.“ We really

45、 want to link food and medicine, and not justgive away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives.“ We want people to understand what they re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinki

46、ng it would simply be a waste of time.答案： C解析：本题考查同义替换。C Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni ( 通心粉 )-and-cheese boxes in Scott s shopping cartand suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese.“？S”o Ishe d have to make it asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that migh

47、t take, just to have her kids rejectit.“ I m not sure they d eat it. They just won t eat it.”Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.答案： J解析：本题考查同义替换。J Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎症） , for example, or make the body inhospitable to can

48、cer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine网站 HYPERLINK / / physicians recommend a plant-based diet particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.答案： E解析：本题考查同义替换。E Nadeau is part of a

49、small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicinemovement has been around for decades, but it s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物 ).By prescribing nutritional changes or launchi

50、ng programs such as Shop with your Doc , th trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat.“ There question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high bloodpressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.Am ericans high

51、rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.答案： G解析：本题考查同义替换。G In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine that is a formal specialty in using foodto treat disease. Research findings i

52、ncreasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collectivedata and a clear picture emerges: that the

53、 salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American dietcontribute to the nation s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high bloodpressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol a

54、nd low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Section CPassage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as

55、thepopulation of the state continues to expand. 46.New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, 47.but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracte

56、d （抽取） . The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers（地下蓄水层） below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump wate

57、r from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. 48.The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradualsettling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant

58、 space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.网 站 HYPERLINK / / Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating（脱盐） the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can ne

59、ed constant repairs.49. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. 50.This means tha

60、t some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.How could Ca