实验动物眼科检查术语

1、GlossaryofMedicalTerms-OphthalmologyAberration券bereijen：Distortions,relatedtoastigmatism,thatcausetheinabilityoflightraysenteringtheeyetoconverge(cometogether)toasinglefocuspointontheretina.Aberrationaredividedintotwomaincategories:higher-orderandlower-order.变型：畸变，与散光有关，由于进入眼睛的光线不能在视网膜上形成单聚焦点。变型被划分成

2、二个主要类别：高位和下位Adnexa:Accessorystructuresoftheeye,includingtheeyelids,lacrimalapparatus,etc.眼的附属器官包括眼睑和泪器等AK:AstigmaticKeratotomy散光角膜切开术,modifiedformofRadialKeratotomy(RK).近视矫正术Amblyopia券mbeupie：Dullnessorobscurityofsightfornoapparentorganicreason,thereforenotcorrectablewithglassesorsurgery.Sometimesca

3、lledalazyeye,whereinoneeyebecomesdependentontheothereyetofocus,usuallydevelopedinearlychildhood.Oftenassociatedwithstrabismus.弱视：非器质性的视力模糊和迟钝，因此不能通过戴眼镜或手术实施矫正。又叫lazyeye单眼的聚焦一般依赖于另一眼的聚焦，通常发生在儿童时期。一般与斜视有关联。Amslergrid:Handheldchartfeaturinghorizontalandverticallines,usuallywhiteonblackbackground,usedto

4、testforcentralvisualfielddefects.阿姆斯勒方格表常用于检查中心视力缺陷Angle:Drainageareaoftheeyeformedbetweenthecorneaandthe唾，namedforitsangularshape,whichiswhyyouseethewordangleinthedifferentglaucomanames.在评估不同青光眼时使用，体现角膜和虹膜间的角度Anisometropia:Conditionoftheeyesinwhichtheyhaveunequalrefractivepower.屈光不等Anteriorchamber:

5、Spacebetweenthecorneaandthecrystallinelens,whichcontainsaqueoushumor.前房，位于角膜和晶体之间Anteriorocularsegment:Partoftheeyeanteriortothecrystallinelens,includingthecornea,anteriorchamber,irandciliarybody.Aphakia:Absenceofthelensoftheeye.无晶状体Aqueous血词humor:Transparentfluidoccupyingtheanteriorchamberandmainta

6、inseyepressure.房水：前房内透明的液体，维持眼压ARMD:agerelatedmaculardegeneration:年龄相关性黄斑退行性病变Destructionandlossofthephotoreceptorsinthemacularegionoftheretinaresultingindecreasedcentralvisionand,inadvancedcases,blindness.视网膜黄斑区光感受区破坏和缺失导致中心视力下降并渐渐失明Asthenopia:Eyestrain.眼疲劳AstigmaticKeratotomy(AK):Treatsastigmatism

7、byflatteningthecorneawitharc-shapedincisionsinitsperiphery,similartoRK.散光角膜切开术、近视矫正术Astigmatism9stigm9tiz9m:Structuraldefectsoftheeyeinwhichthelightraysfromaviewedobjectdonotmeetinasinglefocalpoint,resultinginblurredimagesbeingsenttothebrain.Astigmatismismostoftencombinedwithmyopiaorhyperopia.散光：光线不

8、能聚焦于一点造成视线模糊Axis:Optical-astraightlinethroughthecentersofbothsurfacesofalens.Visual-astraightlinefromtheobjectofvisiontothefoveaoftheeye.眼中轴/视线轴BCVA:Bestcorrectedvisualacuity.视力Bestcorrectedvisualacuity(BCVA):Bestpossiblevisionapersoncanachievewithcorrectivelenses,measuredintermsofSnellenlinesonaney

9、echart.Beta-carotene:Memberofthecarotinoidfamilyofvitamins,aprecursortovitaminA,thoughttobebeneficialtotheeyes,helpfulintreatingdiseasessuchasglaucoma.B胡萝卜素Blepharitisblefraitis:Inflamationoftheeyelids,acommonproblemwhichtendstobereoccuringinnature.眼睑炎Blindspot:Theareaoftheopticdiskwheretheopticnerv

10、efibersexittheeyeandwheretherearenolight-sensitivecells.Thissmallareacanbemeasuredandinglaucoma,asthenervefibersdie,theblindspottendstoenlargeandelongate.Thisisoneofthediagnostichallmarksofglaucoma.视觉盲点：视盘区，视神经汇集区没有感光细胞。青光眼的视觉盲点会由于视神经的死亡而扩大青光眼的特征性病变Bowmansmembrane:Extremelythinsecondlayerofthecornea

11、,situatedbetweentheepitheliumandstroma,thoughttoberesponsibleforepitheliumadhesion前弹性层(角膜非常薄的第二层），位于角膜上皮层和基质层之间，便于上皮层附着。CarunclekrAqkl:Small,redportionofthecorneroftheeyethatcontainsmodifiedsebaceousandsweatglands.肉冠：眼角小而红色的肉球，包含皮脂腺和汗腺Cataract作血e佞kt：Gradualcloudingofthecrystallinelensresultinginredu

12、cedvisionoreventualblindness,correctablebycataractsurgery.白内障晶状体渐进性云雾状变化导致视力丧失Choroid忆丁前membrane:Dark,vascular,thinskin-liketissue,situatedbetweenthescleraandtheretina,formingthemiddlecoatoftheeye.Thechoroidmembranenourishestheouterportionsoftheretinaandabsorbsexcesslight.脉络膜：巩膜和视网膜之间的一层薄的暗色的分布有血管的膜

13、。脉络膜滋养着视网膜部分同时吸收过度的光线。Chronic:Oflongduration,goingonforsometime.Closedangleglaucoma:Glaucomaconditionsoccurringsuddenly(acute).闭角型青光眼急性突然发生的青光眼Ciliary怡可body:Partoftheeyethatconnectsthechoroidmembranetotheir.Producesaqueoushumorthatfillsthefrontpartoftheeyeandmaintainseyepressure.睫状体：脉络膜和虹膜的链接部，并产生房水

14、充实眼前房和维持眼压。Ciliarymuscle:Muscleattachedtothecrystallinejensresponsibleforfocus(thesameasciliarybody,butusedinadifferentcontext).睫状肌：附着在晶状体上的肌肉，主要用于眼球的聚焦Colorblindness:Inaccuratetermforalackofperceptualsensitivitytocertaincolors.Absolutecolorblindnessisalmostunknown.色盲Colorvision:Abilitytoperceivedif

15、ferencesincolor,includinghue,saturationandbrightness.色视觉，具有分辨不同色彩的视力ConductiveKeratoplasty(CK):Procedureinwhicharadiofrequencyprobe,ratherthanalaser,isusedtoreshapethecornea传导式角膜成型术Coneskunz:Oneofthetwotypesoflight-sensitivecells,concentratedinthecenteroftheretina(alsoseerods).Thereareabout6.5millio

16、nconesineacheye-150,000conesineverysquaremillimeter-responsiblefordetailedvisualacuityandtheabilitytoseeincolor.锥细胞：光感细胞的一种，集中分布在视网膜中心，作用于视觉分辨和彩色分辨Conjunctiva作nd3AqktaiV9:Mucousmembraneliningtheinnersurfaceoftheeyelidsandcoveringthefrontpartofthesclera(whitepartofeye),responsibleforkeepingtheeyemois

17、t.结膜：忖在眼球内表面的组织膜且覆盖在眼前部巩膜，保存眼球湿润Conjunctivitis灼nd3AnktiVaitiS：Inflammationorirritationoftheconjunctiva.Symptomscanbepresentinjustoneeye,oritcanaffectbotheyesandincluderednessoftheeyesortheedgesoftheeyelids,swellingoftheeyelidsoritching.结膜炎：红眼或眼睑边缘发红，眼睑肿胀或发痒。Cornea忆：nq：Transparenttissuethatformsthefr

18、ontpartoftheeyeball,coveringtheirandpupil.Thecorneaisthefirstpartoftheeyethatbends(orrefracts)thelightandprovidesmostofthefocusingpower.角膜Cornealcurvature:Shapeofthefrontoftheeye.角膜曲率Cornealmapping,topography:Atoolusedtoseetherefractiveproblemsthatmightbepresentinthecornea.Cornealtopographyisusednot

19、onlyforscreeningallpatientsbeforerefractivesurgerylikeLASIKbutalsoforfittingcontacts.角膜地形图Crystallinelens:Doubleconvex,transparentpartoftheeye,locatedbehindtheirandinfrontofthevitreousbody.Servesinconjunctionwiththecorneatorefractincomingraysoflightontotheretina.晶状体：眼内双凸的透明部件，位于虹膜和玻璃体之间。与角膜一起将光线折射到视

20、网膜上。Detachedretina:Aretinaldetachmentoccurswhentheretinaispulledawayfromitsnormalpositioninthebackoftheeye.视网膜脱落DiabetestypeI(IDDM):Insulindependent,resultingfromdestructionoftheinsulinproducingpancreaticisletcells胰岛素依赖的I型糖尿病DiabetestypeII(NIDDM):Non-insulindependent,resultingfromtissueresistancetoi

21、nsulin非胰岛素依赖的II型糖尿病Diabeticretinopathy:Deteriorationofretinalbloodvesselsindiabeticpatients,possiblyleadingtovisionloss.视网膜血管退化所致的糖尿病型视网膜病变Dilated,dilation:Enlargmentofthepupil(spaceinthemiddleoftheiris).散瞳Diopter或申怡：Unitofmeasureoftherefractivepowerofanopticallens(equaltothepowerofalenswithafocaldi

22、stanceofonemeter).Anegativedioptervalue(suchas-3D)signifiesaneyewithmyopiaandpositivedioptervalue(suchas+3D)signifiesaneyewithhyperopia.屈光度Diplopia:Conditioninwhichasingleobjectisperceivedastwo;alsocalleddoublevision.复视，视一为二Divergence:Turningoftheeyesoutwardssothattheyarebothaimedtowardstheobjectbei

23、ngviewed.Normallyworksinharmonywithconvergence.Dryeye:Acommonconditionthatoccurswhentheeyesdonotproduceenoughtearstokeeptheeyemoistandcomfortable.干眼症Endotheliumend9Uei:li9m：Cellulartissuethatcoverstheinnersurfaceoftheeyewithintheclosedcavity,typicallyreferringtothecornea.内皮细胞Epitheliumepiei:li9m：Cel

24、lulartissuethatcoverstheoutersurfaceoftheeye.Consistsofoneorseverallayersofcellswithonlylittleintercellularmaterial.上皮细胞Esophoriaes9f9uri9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-convergedpositioncompensatedbytheexternaleyemusclessothattheeyesdonotappearturnedinward.内隐斜视：眼位有向内偏斜的倾向，平时可用矫正性融合反射来控制，不出现斜位，并能保持双眼单视。E

25、sotropiaies9utr9upi9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-convergedpositionsothatnon-fixatingeyeisturnedinward.Oneeyelooksstraight;onelooksinward.内斜视：一眼或两眼的瞳孔经常向中间倾斜。通称对眼或斗眼。Exophoriaeks9f9uri9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-divergedpositioncompensatedbytheexternaleyemusclessothattheeyesdonotappearturnedoutward.外隐斜

26、视Exotropiaeks9tr9upi9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-divergedpositionsothatnon-fixatingeyeisturnedoutward.Oneeyelooksstraightaheadandoneturnsoutward.外斜视Extraocularekstr90kj9l9muscles:Sixmusclesthatcontroleyemovement.Fiveoriginatefromthebackoftheorbit;theotheroneoriginatesfromthelowerrimoftheorbit.Fourmov

27、etheeyeup,down,leftandright,theothertwocontrolthetwistingmotionoftheeyewhentheheadtilts.Allsixmusclesworkinunison;whentheydonotfunctionproperly,theconditioniscalledstrabismusstr9bizm9s-眼外肌：眼球运动有6个肌肉参与；5个来自于眼窝背部，另一个来自于眼窝下部；其中4个控制上下左右运动，另2个在头部倾斜时扭转眼球。当肌肉协调出现问题就产生斜视。Eyelid:Eitheroftwomovable,protective

28、,foldsoffleshthatcoveranduncoverthefrontoftheeyeball.眼睑FFarsighted:Commontermforhyperopiahaip9r9upi9.远视Fieldofvision:Entireareawhichcanbeseenwithoutshiftingthegaze.视野Flashes&floaters:Lightspotsorstreaksanddarkmovingspecksduetothevitreoustractionontheretinal(lightflashes)andsolidvitreousmaterialorblo

29、od(floaters).闪光和漂浮物Fluorescein肌：恥前nangiography妙4耳如殉：Diagnostictestbywhichtheveinsdeepinsidetheeyeareexamined.Dyeisinjectedintoaveininthearmandcirculatedbythebloodtothebackoftheeye,allowingforvisualexamination.荧光血管造影术Fovea血山诒:Smalldepressionintheretina,thepointwherevisionismostacute.视网膜中央凹FundusfAnde

30、s：Furthestpointatthebackoftheeye,consistingoftheretina,choroidmembrane,sclera,opticdiscandbloodvessels,seenbymeansoftheophthalmoscope阳帥辛keup眼基底部，包括视网膜、脉络膜和巩膜、视乳头/视盘和血管，一般检眼镜实施检查GGhostimage:Faintsecondimageoftheobjectyouareviewing.鬼像/重像Giantpapillaryconjunctivitis:Typeofconjunctivitiswhereinbumpsorri

31、dgesformontheinsideofeyelids,whichmakewearingcontactlensesuncomfortable;infact,thisconditionisoftencausedbyoverwearingofcertaincontactlenses巨乳头性结膜炎（CPC）上睑结膜的非感染性免疫性炎症反应Glare别：Scatterfrombrightlightthatdecreasesvision.晃眼，光线太亮造成视力下降Glaucomagl0：k9um9：Painlessdiseaseoftheeyecharacterizedbyincreasedpress

32、urewithin;青光眼，眼内压升高所致的非疼痛性疾病；Gonioscopy:Viewingprocedureutilizingamirror/lensdeviceplaceddirectlyuponthecorneathatisusedtoviewthedrainageareacalledtheanglethroughwhichaqueousfluidexitstheeyeball.前房角镜检查HHalosheiieu：Ringsaroundlightsduetoopticalimperfectionsin,orinfrontof,theeye.光晕/光圈Haze阮园：Cornealclo

33、udingthatcausesthesensationoflookingthroughsmokeorfog.角膜混浊，云雾状感Heterophoriahet9r9fo:ri9：Constanttendencyofoneeyetodeviateinoneoranotherdirectionduetoimperfectbalanceofocularmuscles.隐斜视：潜在性眼位偏斜，但能在融合反射控制下保持双眼单视，以强制两眼球保持在正位而不显出偏斜，一旦大脑融合作用遭到阻断（如一眼被遮盖时）或失去控制（如在过度使用目力或精神疲劳时），眼位偏斜就会表现出来。Hyperopia:istheina

34、bilitytoseenearobjectsasclearlyasdistantobjects,andtheneedforaccommodationtoseedistantobjectsclearly.远视Myopia阴怡皿：Alsocallednearsightednessorshortsightedness,theinabilitytoseedistantobjectsasclearlyasnearobjects.近视Hypoxiahaipoksi9：Deficiencyofoxygensupplytoatissue.组织缺氧Intracapsularcataractsurgery:Cat

35、aractsurgeryinwhichboththelensandcapsulearecompletelyremoved,ararelyusedprocedure.Intraocularlensimplant(IOL):Permanent,artificiallenssurgicallyinsertedinsidetheeyetoreplacethecrystallinelensfollowingcataractsurgeryorclearlensextraction.Intraocularpressure(IOP):Fluidpressurewithintheeyecreatedbythec

36、ontinualproductionanddrainageofaqueousfluidintheanteriorchamber.眼内压Iridotomy“出怡耐：Treatmentforclosed-angleglaucoma虹膜切开术，用于治疗闭角青光眼Irisairis:Coloredpartoftheeye.Elastic,pigmented,musculartissueinfrontofthecrystallinelensthatregulatestheamountoflightthatenterstheeyebyadjustingthesizeofthepupilinthecente

37、r.虹膜，晶体前有弹性的有色的肌肉组织，通过调节瞳孔大小来控制光线进入。Ischemia颐响：Restrictionorblockageofbloodflowthroughabloodvessel.Ischemiaisacausativeagentofcertainheartattacksandstrokesandisinvolvedinvarioustypesofvisualfieldlosses.局部缺血Keratitisker9taitis：Inflammationofthecornea角膜炎Keratoconusker9t9uk9u门夬：Whichmeanscone-shapedcor

38、nea,isdiseaseinwhichthecorneaslowlythinsandprotrudesforward.Rare,serious,degenerativecornealdisease,inwhichthecorneathinsandassumestheshapeofacone.圆锥形角膜Keratomileusis:Carvingofthecorneatoreshapeit.屈光性角膜成型术Keratoplastyker9t9uplsti：Surgicalreshapingofthecornea.角膜成型术Keratectomyker9tekt9mi：Surgicalremov

39、alofcornealtissue.角膜切除术Keratotomyker9t0t9mi:Surgicalincision(cut)ofthecornea角膜切开术Lacrimal口券krimiapparatus:Partoftheeyethatproducestears.泪器Lazyeye:Amblyopia,aneyeconditionnotedbyreducedvisionnotcorrectablebyglassesorcontactlensesandisnotduetoanyeyedisease.弱视LidHdspeculumSpekjUl9m：Asurgicaltoolthathol

40、dstheeyelidsopenandwhichallowsthesurgeontogainaccesstotheeyewithminimalpressureontheglobe.开眼器Limbalrelaxingincisions(LRI):Smallincisionsplacedonthefarperipheralaspectofthecornearesultinginacorneathatismoreround,forcorrectingastigmatism.角膜缘环切术Limbus口仙夬：Thinareathatconnectsthecorneaandthesclera.角膜缘Mac

41、ula论帅间：Yellowspotontheretina,wherethephotoreceptorsaremostdenseandresponsibleforthecentralvision.Hasthegreatestconcentrationofcones,responsibleforvisualacuityandtheabilitytoseeincolor.黄斑，视网膜上感光细胞最密集的区域Macularedema:Collectionoffluidinandunderthemacularportionoftheretina.黄斑水肿Maculardegeneration:Diseas

42、eofthemacula,whichresultsinthelossofcentralvision.黄斑变性Miosis诟怡曲可：Pupillaryconstriction.瞳孔缩小Mydriasismidrai9sis:Pupillarydilation.散瞳，瞳孔放大Neovascularization:Oftenassociatedwithdiabetes,involvestheformationofnewbloodvessels,oftenfragileandinappropriateforthelocation.新血管再生，常与糖尿病症有关Nervefibers/axons:Exte

43、nsionsofphotoreceptorsthatformthenervebundlethatiscalledtheopticnerve.Normalvision:Occurswhenlightisfocuseddirectlyontheretinaratherthaninfrontorbehindit.Ocularherpes:Arecurrentviralinfectioncausedbytheherpessimplexvirus.OcularherpesrepresentsthemostcommoninfectiouscauseofcornealblindnessintheUnited

44、States.眼疱疹：多发性单纯疱疹病毒感染，常导致角膜盲；系病毒侵犯三叉神经眼支，疼痛剧烈Ocularhypertension:Elevatedfluidpressure.Thenormalpressureisabout10to21mmHg,withthemajorityofpeoplefallingbetween13and19.Over21isconsideredsuspicious.Over24cautiouslyconcerned-warrantingimmediateinvestigation.Over30isconsideredurgentandapotentialemergenc

45、ysituation.高眼压OD/oculusdextrum:Abbreviationstandingforrighteye右眼OS/oculussinistrum:Abbreviationstandingforlefteye左眼ONH/Opticnerve,opticnervehead:.Abundleofnervefibersaboutthediameterofpencilthatpassesthroughthebackoftheeyeball,andconnectstothenervefiberlayeroftheretina.Itcanbeobserveddirectlywithoph

46、thalmoscope.视木申经乳头Openangleglaucomagl0：k9um9：Glaucomaconditionsoflongduration(chronic).开角青光眼(慢性)Ophthalmologist0felm0l9d3ist:Anophthalmologistiseitheramedicaldoctor(MD)oranosteopathicphysician(D.O.)whoisqualifiedandespeciallytrainedtodiagnoseandtreatalleyeandvisualsystemproblems,bothmedicallyandsurg

47、ically,aswellasdiagnosegeneraldiseasesofthebody.OphthalmoscopeOfelm9sk9up:Instrumentusedtoexaminetheinterioroftheeye:itconsistsofaperforatedmirrorarrangedtoreflectlightfromasmallbulbintotheeye.检眼镜Ophthalmoscopyofelmosk9pi:Examinationoftheinternalstructuresoftheeyeusinganilluminationandmagnifications

48、ystem.检眼镜检测Opticdisc:Theheadoftheopticnervethatisformedbythemeetingofallretinalnervefibers.视乳头Opticnerve:Bundleofnervefibersthatconnecttheretinawiththebrain.Theopticnervecarriessignalsoflighttotheareaofthebraincalledthevisualcortex,whichassemblesthesignalsintoimagescalledvision.视神经Orbithbit:Boneysoc

49、ketcontainingtheeyeball,fat,extraocularmuscles,nervesandbloodvessels.眼窝Orthokeratology（OK）:Non-surgicalprocedureusingcontactlensestoaltertheshapeofthecorneatoeffectachangeintherefractiveerror.角膜矫正术（非手术性）Pachymeter:Instrumentthatmeasuresthedistancebetweenthetopofthecornealepitheliumandthebottomofthec

50、ornealendotheliumusedasdiagnostictestingdevicemeasuringforcornealthickness.角膜厚度测量Papilledemappilidi:m:Non-inflammatoryswelling/elevationoftheopticnerveoftenduetoincreasedintracranialpressureorspace-occupyingtumor.视神经乳头水肿：由于颅内压升高或占位性肿瘤造成视神经非炎症性肿胀PD:Usedonprescriptionstoindicatethedistancebetweenthepu

51、pilsofbotheyes.瞳间距Pellucidmarginaldegeneration（PMD）:isaconditionwherebythelowercorneabecomesthinnerandtheopticsurfaceofthecorneabecomesirregularandthevisionbecomesblurry.Abilateral,noninflammatory,peripheralcornealthinningdisorder,whichischaracterizedbyaperipheralbandofthinningoftheinferiorcornea.透明

52、边缘角膜变性：对称性非炎症性外周角膜厚度异常Photophobiaif9ut9f9ubi9：Sensitivitytolight.畏光，恐光症Photoreceptors:Microscopiclight-sensitivecellsthatarelocatedintheretinacalledrodsandcones.Thereareapproximately7millionconesand125millionrods光感受细胞：视杆细胞和视锥细胞Pingecula:Irritationcauseddegenerationoftheconjunctivaresultinginathicken

53、ingandyellowingofthenormallythintransparenttissue.黄斑结膜是一些良性兼淡黄色东西生长在眼结膜表面；由于眼刺激造成结膜变性，是结膜增厚发黄；Pinkeye:Typeofconjunctivitis,commonlyseeninchildren.红眼，传染性角膜炎，常见于小孩Posteriorcapsule:Thethinmembraneintheeyethatholdsthecrystallinelensinplace.晶状体囊后部Posteriorchamber:Thebacksectionoftheeyesinterior.后房Posteri

54、oropticalsegment:Partoftheeyeposterior(behind)tothecrystallinelens,includingthevitreous,choroidretinaandopticnerve.Posteriorpstie词Vitreous“怕夬Detachmentgrt券tjment(PVD):Separationofthevitreousbodyfromitsattachmentfromtheretinalsurfaceduetoshrinkagefromdegenerativeorinflammatoryconditionsortrauma.Anage

55、-relatedcondition.玻璃体后脱离，年龄相关性Presbyopia:Inabilitytomaintainaclearimage(focus)asobjectsaremovedcloser.Presbyopiaisduetoreducedelasticityofthelenswithincreasingage.老化眼，远视Punctalocclusion:Treatmentfordryeyeinwhichplugsareinsertedintothepunctuminordertoretainlubricatingtearsnaturallyproducedbytheeye.点封

56、闭Punctum:Theholeintheupperandlowereyelidsthroughwhichtearsexittheeye.Inpatientswithdryeyes,temporaryorpermanentplugsmaybeinsertedtohelpkeeptearsintheeye.Tearsflowthroughthepunctumtothenose,whichiswhypeopleoftenexperiencearunnynosewhencrying.泪斑点Pupil伽:亦Blackcircularopeninginthecenterofirthroughwhichl

57、ightpassesintothecrystallinelens.Itchangessizeinresponsetohowmuchlightisbeingreceivedbytheeye,largerindimlightingconditionsandsmallerinbrighterlightingconditions.瞳孔，调节光线进入，暗视野内瞳孔放大，强光刺激瞳孔缩小Pupillaryresponse:Constrictionanddilationofthepupilduetostimulationbylightoraccommodation.瞳孔反射Retina丫前词：Layerof

58、finesensorytissuethatlinestheinsidewalloftheeye,composedoflightsensitivecellsknownasrodsandcones.Actslikethefilminacameratocaptureimages,transformstheimagesintoelectricalsignals,andsendsthesignalstothebrainbywayoftheopticnerve.视网膜RetinalDetachment:Conditionwhereinretinabreaksawayfromthechoroidmembra

59、ne,causingittolosenourishmentandresultinginlossofvisionunlesssuccessfullysurgicallyrepaired.视网膜脱落：视网膜脱离了脉络膜从而失去营养供应，导致视力缺损Rodsrad/pd：Oneofthetwotypesoflight-sensitivecells,locatedprimarilyinthesideareasoftheretina(alsoseecones).Thereareabout125millionrods,whichareresponsibleforvisualsensitivitytomov

60、ement,shapes,lightanddark(blackandwhite)andtheabilitytoseeindimlight.光杆细胞：对运动、形状、光的黑白度以及暗光的反应Routineeyeexam:Totesttheoverallconditionoftheeyeandprescribecorrectivemeasuressuchasglasses,contactlensesorLASIK.Schirmertest:Testfordryeyes,whichusesathinstripoffilterpaperplacedattheedgeoftheeye.泪试验，测试纸放在眼