说明分析课件economic analysis of financial structure

1、Chapter 8An Economic Analysis of Financial StructureBasic Facts about Financial Structure Throughout the WorldThis chapter provides an economic analysis of how our financial structure is designed to promote economic efficiency The bar chart in Figure 1 shows how American businesses financed their ac

2、tivities using external funds (those obtained from outside the business itself) in the period 19702000 and compares U.S. data to those of Germany, Japan, and Canada Figure 1 Sources of External Funds for Nonfinancial Businesses: A Comparison of the United States with Germany, Japan, and CanadaSource

3、: Andreas Hackethal and Reinhard H. Schmidt, “Financing Patterns: Measurement Concepts and Empirical Results,” Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Working Paper No. 125, January 2004. The data are from 19702000 and are gross flows as percentage of the total, not including trade and other credit data,

4、 which are not available.Eight Basic FactsStocks are not the most important sources of external financing for businessesIssuing marketable debt and equity securities is not the primary way in which businesses finance their operationsIndirect finance is many times more important than direct financeFi

5、nancial intermediaries, particularly banks, are the most important source of external funds used to finance businesses. Eight Basic Facts (contd)The financial system is among the most heavily regulated sectors of the economyOnly large, well-established corporations have easy access to securities mar

6、kets to finance their activitiesCollateral is a prevalent feature of debt contracts for both households and businesses. Debt contracts are extremely complicated legal documents that place substantial restrictive covenants on borrowersTransaction CostsFinancial intermediaries have evolved to reduce t

7、ransaction costsEconomies of scaleExpertiseAsymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral HazardAdverse selection occurs before the transactionMoral hazard arises after the transactionAgency theory analyses how asymmetric information problems affect economic behaviorThe Lemons Problem: How Adve

8、rse Selection Influences Financial StructureIf quality cannot be assessed, the buyer is willing to pay at most a price that reflects the average qualitySellers of good quality items will not want to sell at the price for average qualityThe buyer will decide not to buy at all because all that is left

9、 in the market is poor quality itemsThis problem explains fact 2 and partially explains fact 1Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection ProblemsPrivate production and sale of informationFree-rider problemGovernment regulation to increase informationNot always works to solve the adverse selection problem

10、, explains Fact 5.Financial intermediationExplains facts 3, 4, & 6. Collateral and net worthExplains fact 7. How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity ContractsCalled the Principal-Agent ProblemPrincipal: less information (stockholder)Agent: more information (manager)Separation of

11、ownership and control of the firmManagers pursue personal benefits and power rather than the profitability of the firmTools to Help Solve the Principal-Agent ProblemMonitoring (Costly State Verification)Free-rider problemFact 1Government regulation to increase informationFact 5Financial Intermediati

12、onFact 3Debt ContractsFact 1How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt MarketsBorrowers have incentives to take on projects that are riskier than the lenders would like.This prevents the borrower from paying back the loan. Tools to Help Solve Moral Hazard in Debt ContractsNet worth and

13、collateralIncentive compatibleMonitoring and Enforcement of Restrictive CovenantsDiscourage undesirable behaviorEncourage desirable behaviorKeep collateral valuableProvide informationFinancial IntermediationFacts 3 & 4Summary Table 1 Asymmetric Information Problems and Tools to Solve ThemAsymmetric

14、Information in Transition and Developing Countries“Financial repression” created by an institutional environment characterized by:Poor system of property rights (unable to use collateral efficiently)Poor legal system (difficult for lenders to enforce restrictive covenants)Weak accounting standards (

15、less access to good information)Government intervention through directed credit programs and state owned banks (less incentive to proper channel funds to its most productive use). Application: Financial Developmentand Economic GrowthThe financial systems in developing and transition countries face several difficulties that keep th