高中英语语法导学案：基本句型及成分分析

1、 掌握英语的句子成分定义和分类：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有：主语、谓语、 表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补，同位语。一、主语（subject）定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体，说明动作是“谁，什么”发出的，一般位于句首。词组或复合结构、从句来充当。She went out in a hurry.Seeing is believing.Smoking is bad for health.What he has said is true.词组或复合结构、从句来充当。She went out in a hurry.Seeing is believing.Smoking is bad f

2、or health.What he has said is true.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.The young should respect the old.二、谓语(verb) 定义：是对主语加以陈述，说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般由V充当，放在 主语之后（英语句子的灵魂）举例：由单一动词V或动词短语做谓语We appreciate your help a lot. I saw the flag on the top of the hill.The plane took off.The Second World War b

3、roke out in 1939.(2)情态V + V原情态动词包含:He can speak English well.(3)助动词+实义动词一起作谓语，可以用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语 气等。She is talking with her sister. I have seen this man before.助动词有 (4)动词 + 不定式(to+V 原)He refused to take the offer given by the adviser.(5)连系动词+表语系动词The newly- baked bread tastes delicious.They are fro

4、m America.三、宾、(object) 定义：动作的对象或承受者，一般位于vt.和prep.之后举彳列：Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything.How many do you want? -1 want two.They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport.I enjoy working with you.Did you write down what he said?I succeeded in passing the exam.四、宾补(o

5、bject complement)定义：有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾 语的身份和状态，这类常用的及物动词有：make, ask, see, find, call, get, have, let, tell, help, keep举例：I found the book interesting.I make my students interested in my class.She asked me to lend her a hand.We made him monitor in our class.We found him in trouble now.W

6、e found it necessary to study English.五、表语(predicative)定义：在系动词后的部分就是表语，用以说明主语的身份，特征和状态。通常由 名词，代词,数词,adj. Ving, to do, adv,介词短语，从句来充当。举彳列： The speech is exciting. They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.There is something wrong with the machine.That remains a puzzle. I dont feel at ease.Tliaf s

7、why he came here. His job is taking care of children.We must be off now as it is getting dark.六、定语(adjective) ill (adj. N.代词，名词所有格，数词，不定式，分词短语, 动名词，介词短语，adv.从句)充当定义：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前,-前置定语短语，句子一般放在所修饰词后-后置定语 举例：He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel factory.There are 54studen

8、ts in our class. Do you know Bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good. Tell the children playing there not to make any noise.That is the reason why I am against your advice.He was reading a novel (which was ) written by Charles Dickens.

9、七、状语(adverbial)定义：用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句，位置灵活。修饰adj./adv.时，通常位于被修饰 的词之前；分类：地点状语、时间状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、条件 状语、程度状语、方式状语和伴随状语。通常由(adv.介词短语，分词短语， 不定式短语，词组，复合结构，从句)来充当。举例：This book is very interesting.I run fast/quickly.They are playing on the playground at eight. John often came to chat with me.His pare

10、nts died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary.Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song.He is poor, on the contrary, he is a millionaire.He loves science fiction in particular.With the Internet developing, people have fewer opportunities to communicate face to face.八、同位语(appositive

11、)定义：对n.或pron,进行补充说明或进一步解释说明(由名词，代词、从句来充当) 举例：We young people should respect the old.Alice, our monitor, will attend the class meeting.He himself will do the experiment.He told me the news that our team won the game.I have a firm belief that you I will have a bright future.五种基本句型一、英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句

12、型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。二、英语五种基本句型列式如下:基本句型一 基本句型二 基本句型三 基本句型四 基本句型五S +VS +link- v +P基本句型一 基本句型二 基本句型三 基本句型四 基本句型五S +VS +link- v +PS +V +0S +V +10+0S +V +0 +C（主+谓）（主+系+表）（主+谓+宾）（主+谓+间宾+直宾）（主+谓+宾+宾补）（句型一）：S +V （主+谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这2.

13、The moon rose.4. We all eat, and drink.6. I woke very soon.2. The moon rose.4. We all eat, and drink.6. I woke very soon.8. He walked yesterday lO.They have gone.1. This is an English dictionary.3. He felt happy.5. He is tall and strong.7. The weather became warmer.2. The dinner smells good.4. Every

14、thing looks different.6. The book is interesting.8. His face turned red.类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。例如:l.Time flies.3. The man cooked.5. Everybody laughed.7. They talked for half an hour.9.He is playing.(句型二)：S +link-V +P (主+ 系 + 表)系动词分两类：(1)表示状态的连系动词：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, k

15、eep, remain, 等等。(2)表示转变或结果的系动词:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove 等。（句型三）：S +V +0 （主+谓+宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作， 但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做及物动词。1. Who knows the answer?3. He understands English.1. Who knows the answer?3. He understands English.5. They ate some apples.

16、7.1 want to have a cup of tea.2. She laugh at her.4. He made cakes.6. Danny likes donuts.8. He said , Good morning.n（句型四）：S +V +10 + 0 （主+谓+间宾+直宾）特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是 动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。1. She passed him a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3. He brought you a dicti

17、onary.4. He bought her nothing.5. I showed him my pictures. 6.1 gave him a hand.She told me how to run the machine. 8. He showed me that the bus was late.（句型五）：S +V +0 +C （主+谓+宾+宾补）特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必 须加上个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。1. We keep the table clean.3. They call supper dinner.1. We kee

18、p the table clean.3. They call supper dinner.5. What makes him sad?7. He asked me to come back soon.2. They painted the door green.4. They found the house dirty.6. We saw him out.8. I saw them getting on the bus.I.句型书写练习.她回家很晚。.每节课持续五十分钟。.鸟儿们正在自由地飞翔。.这个男孩非常诚实和善良。.他的爱好是集邮。.那就是为什么我们要表扬你。.我们喜欢打篮球。.他不知道

19、怎么样解答这道数学题。.你能用英语表达自己么？ ?.他给我买了一份礼物。.请给我们展示你的照片。.他们给我提供了一份工作。.他观看孩子们在操场上玩耍。.我发现这本小说很有趣。.医生建议我戒烟。H.划分句子成分。（标出主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表）It is necessary to master English in international trade today.Playing video games affects teenagers5 health and study.Generally speaking, the young have a strong desire for know

20、ledge.What we should do next remains unknown.No one knows what will happen in the future.I found the old man in good health.He was reading a novel which was written by Charles Dickens.You take your umbrella in case it rains.答案：She came back home very late.Each class lasts 50 minutes.The birds are fl

21、ying freely.The boy is very honest and kind.His hobby is collecting stamps.Thats why we should praise you.We like playing basketball.He doesift know how to solve the maths problem.Can you express yourself in English?He bought me a gift. /He bought a gift for me.Please show us your photos. /Please show your photos to