高中英语语法讲解与练习

1、学案第 一 讲 冠 词口诀 : 冠词分为定冠、不定冠,不定冠词 a 和 an ,“ ”的含义表泛指表示特指要用 the ,次序、方位、最高级世上物体独一个,人或事物再次提以下情形冠词免,学科球类三顿饭名词复数表泛指,季节星期月份前 不定冠词 a/an 的用法 :不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式； a 用在以辅音开头的词前,an 用在以元音开头的词前；判定一个词是以元音开头仍是以辅音开头,是依据读音而不是依据字母；一般情形下,开头字母是 a 、e、f、 h、 j、 l、 m 、 n、 o、 r、s 、x 前用不定冠词 an ；1. 在可数名词单数形式前表示 一:There is a tiger

2、 in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎；2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性；3. 表示 某一个 的意思 A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你；4. 表示 同一 的意思 They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁；5. 表示 每一 的意思 We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次；6. 在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、 职业 My mother is a teacher. 我妈是老师；7. 第一次提到的人或事物,但不特殊

3、指明是哪一个 Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久很久以前,有一个年老的国王,他有一个特别美丽的女儿；8. 在英国英语中,以 h 开头的多音节词,如第一个音节不重读,其前亦可用 an There is a/an hotel near here. 这邻近有一家旅社；9. 在 such a ,quite a 句式中 He is quite a good actor. 他是一个相当好的演员；Dont be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙；10. 在感叹句 what. 的句式

4、What a pretty girl she is. 她是一个多么美丽的女孩呀！11. 用在某些表示数量的词组中：a lot of 很多,a couple of 一对,a great many 很多, a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）,a great deal of 大量定冠词 the 的用法：1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子； 2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请把门打开 3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物

5、（第一次提到用“ a 或 an ” ,以后再次提到用“ the ”）Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals tolook for food for him. 从前森林里住着一只狮子；每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物） ；4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前 January is the first month of the year.（一月份是一年当中的第一个月）；5. 表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球the s

6、ky 天空 the world 世界6. 指由一般名词构成的专出名词 the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城 the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国7. 表示方向、方位 in the east 在东方,in the west 在西方,in the front 在前面,at the back 在后面,in the bottom 在底部,at the top 在顶部, on the right 在右边,on the left 在左边；8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前the Pacific Ocean

7、 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡9. 在姓氏复数前,表示一家人 The Bakers came to see me yesterday.（贝克一家人昨天来看我） ；10. 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人,the rich 富人, the sick 病人, the wounded 伤员, the good 好人,the beautiful 美丽的事物；11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class 工人阶级,th

8、eChineseCommunist Party 中国共产党12. 用在 the very 强调句中 This is the very book I want.（这就是我想要的那本书）；13. 在 the more, the more 比较级的句式中 The more you drink, the more you like it. （你越喝就越爱喝）；1 / 42 14. 表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加 the 如： play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴；但中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用 :playan erhu 二胡 15. 某些固定的表达法in the

9、 morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头on the way to 前往 . 去的路上16. the 加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物 ；留意：像这类句子仍有如下两种写法 : A horse is a useful animal ; Horses are useful animals. 17. 在句型 “ 动词 +sb.

10、+ 介词 +the+ 身体某一部位”中要用 the ,而不用人称代词；take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸be red in the face 脸红 be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸等结构中名词前要用 the 零冠词的用法 :1. 专出名词前一般不加冠词 China 中国 Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋 William Shakespeare 威廉 莎士比亚2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词 January 一月份 Sunday 星期日 Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksg

11、iving 感恩节 National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节比较：.on a Sunday morning. 在一个星期天的早晨 . （表示某一个；）注:民族节日前要加 the 如 :the Spring Festival 3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词 I have lunch at school.Summer is the best season for swimming. 比较 I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰富的午餐；（表示某一个）The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice. 史密斯先生

12、招待的晚宴真是美味；（表示特指）比较 I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii. 我永久不会遗忘我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天；（表示特指）4. 进行球类运动 play basketball 打篮球 play volleyball 打排球 play football 踢足球5. 没有特指的物质名词 This cart is made of wood. 比较 The wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了；（表示特指）6. 没有特指的不行数抽象名词 Time is precious. 时间是珍贵的；比较

13、The time of the play was 1990s. 这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十岁月（特指）7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后 I like tomatoes. 我宠爱西红柿；8. 山峰 Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰9. 固定词组 go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉 go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去 at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院 at school 求学 in school 求学 at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上 at midnight 在半夜 in town 在

14、城里10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词 A boy came in, book in hand. 一个男孩进来,手上拿着书；11. 泛指人类 Man is mortal. 人必有一死；12. 在 kind of 名词 sort of 名词 句式中 What kind of flower is it. 这是什么花 I like this sort of book. 我宠爱这种书；13. 指职位、头衔的词,如 king ,captain , president, chairman 等；He is the captain of the team. 他是球队的队长；As the chairman of

15、the committee, I declare the meeting open. 作为委员会主席,我宣布会议开头；冠词和三餐的搭配 :三餐名词单独使用时,之前通常不加冠词 ;三餐名词之前如加形容词时就除外：We have breakfast at eight我们 8点钟吃早饭；He gave us a good breakfast他请我们吃了一顿丰富的早餐；I was invited to dinner他们邀请我吃饭；I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador我被邀请参与欢迎新任大使的宴会；The Scots

16、have porridge for breakfast苏格兰人早餐吃粥；2 / 42 The wedding breakfast was held in her father 的；专题练习 : s house 婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举办1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have _ bed. a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the 2.He has promised to give up _ hundreds

17、 of times. a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos 3._ usually go to church every Sunday. a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns 4. The train is running fifty miles _. a. an hour b. one hour c. the hour d. a hour 5. He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good

18、 _. a. at the flute 笛子 b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute 6. The investigators（调查者） found that more should be done for _ in India. a. those poor b. a poor c. poor d. the poor 7. You look in high spirit. You must have _ during your holiday. a. wonderful time b. a wonderful time c. the wonderf

19、ul time d. some wonderful time 8. The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because _ traffic there was so heavy.a. a b. an c. the d. one 9. A new teacher was sent to the village in place of _ one who had retired. a. a b. the c. an d. its 10. Virtue and vice are before you;_ leads you to

20、happiness,_ to misery. a. the former latter b. a former a latter c. the former the latter d. former latter11.The children in the kindergarden soon took _ to their teachers. a. quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy（想像） d. the quite fancy 12._ tend to bemoan（悲叹） the lack of character in the yo

21、ung generation. a. The old b. Old c. Elderly d. Older 13. A man suffering from a chock should be given _. a. hot sweet tea b. a hot sweet tea c. the hot sweet tea d. one hot sweet tea 14.He answered my questions with _ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy. a. his accuracy b. a accuracy（精确） c.

22、 the accuracy d. an accuracy 15. If you go by train you can have quite _ comfortable journey. a.the b. one c. a d. that 16. Were going to _ with _ today, arent we.a. the tea the Smiths b. tea those Smiths c. a tea a Smith d. tea the Smiths17. I want an assistant with _ knowledge of French and _ expe

23、rience of office routine. a.the the b. a the c. a an d. the an18. Ann s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and _ they took her to the court. a. in the end b. at the end c. in an end d. in end 19. It is reported that today _ president will hav

24、e lunch with _ President Omon. a. the the b. a a c. the / d. / /3 / 42 20. Tianan Men Square and _ Great Wall are two of the places everyone should see in _ Peoples Republic of China.a. the the b. / / c. the / d. / the其次讲 谓 语 动 词 语 态 和 时 态谓语动词的时态和语态以及人称和数是谓语动词的三大特点；动词语态分为主动和被动两种；1.主动语态的形式和意义：+谓语动词do

25、,表示“ 某人某物做 ”；不及主动语态句子结构是：施动者作主语2.被动语态句子结构是：受动者作主语+谓语动词be done,表示“ 某人某物被 ”物动词是没有被动语态的；被动语态中的be 在不同时态中形式不同；2.陈述语气的谓语动词时态的形式和意义：1 一般现在时态否定1 形式： 主动：确定：动词原形或动词原形+s/es； be 三单 is,一单am,其余人称和数are+表语；和疑问式：用助动词do第三人称单数为does 或连系动词be 帮忙构成；We live here. Do you live here. We don 被动： is / am / are+动词 -ed 分词；t live

26、here.Where is she. Is she in. She isnt in. 2 意义：表示不受时间限制的永恒客观存在或客观规律；Nothing travels faster than light. Knowledge derives from practice. 包括当前肯定时间段内比较稳固的状态或习惯,常与 every day, always 等频度状语连用；John always wakes up at six. Father doesn表示说话时的状态,一般用于状态动词t smoke as much as before. 不能用现在进行时态 ；It concerns every

27、body. 它关系到全部人；She loves this music. ；表示将来时间：A.按时间表将要发生的动作或事态不强调是主语的意图,指照时间方案执行The train leaves for Shanghai at ten p.m. tonight. 火车时刻表规定这趟火车今晚十点开往上海；We start next week. 时间方案支配好了我们下周动身；B.用在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来；如：We will go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes. If it is fine tomorrow, w

28、e will have the football match. 2 现在进行时态：1 形式：主动：确定被动：确定is / am / are +doing ；否定疑问略；is / am / are +being +done ；否定疑问略；2意义： 表示说话时正在进行的动作；可用时间状语now, at the moment 等；What are you doing. I m writing a letter. 表示现阶段正进行而说话时刻不肯定进行的动作；以示和正在发生的He is teaching physics this term. 表示按方案、 支配很快就会发生的动作,通常要与将来时间状语连用

29、,动作的区分；如：He is washing the dishes later. = He is going to wash 4 / 42 但： We are going/coming to Shanghai tomorrow. 不能说Were going to go / come to Shanghai 含有感情颜色的表达一个常常发生的行为,常和等状语连用；continually, constantly, forever, always John is always asking me some stupid questions.恼火 而 John always asks me some s

30、tupid questions.客观事实 3 现在完成时态：1 形式： 主动：确定式：have / has三单 + done 被动：确定式：have/ has been +done 2 意义：现在完成时态是和现在有关的时态； 已完成用法：表示发生在过去的动作行为对现在造成的影响或结果；这种用法多用于瞬间性动词； 它不关注此动作过去发生的细节（时间、 地点、方式、环境等）,关注的是现在的情形,因此不能与和详细过去时间短语yesterday, last week, ago, then, at that moment, in the past 等 连用,但可以和以下时间状语连用：A.模糊的过去时间,

31、 它们和现在结果有关； 如：just刚刚已经 , already, yet , recently 和 lately；Have you eaten yet. = Are you hungry. Hes just turned off the light.= The light is off now. B.表示现在或说话时仍未终止的时段,如：now, this morning / afternoon , tonight, today, since+过去时点 , so far 等； 但假如 this mornig / afternoon / evening 说话时已经过去,就不能用现在完成时,而要用

32、一般过去时； Has he come this morning. 到现在为止的早晨这段时间他来了没有？I ve had many falls since I began to ride a bike. 现在结果： 我仍在骑车； 到现在已经摔过很 多次了； 未完成用法：过去某时开头始终连续到现在的动作 /状态,可能仍要连续,也可能刚刚结束；留意点：A.要用连续性动词,但否定可以用瞬时性动词；B.要用表示连续到现在的时间段状语,如：for+ 时段 有时不表示连续到现在的时段,就不 能用现在完成时 ,since+过去时点, so far, until / till now, up to now, d

33、uring / for / in / over + the past / last / recent +时段；如：Where have you been.have waited here since 8 a.m. wait 动作刚刚终止； Look at the busy cleaners. They ve worked in the wind for quite a few hours.work 动作仍要 延续 Ive taught English in this school for / during / in / over the past / last / recent 10 year

34、s. 4现在完成进行时态：1形式：主动 have / has been doing；无被动；2意义：过去某时开头始终连续到现在的动作 /状态,可能仍要连续, 也可能刚刚终止； 意 义和现在完成时态的未完成用法相像,但可不和连续到现在的时段短语连用；留意点：很多连续性动词用于现完和现在完成进行时态含义一样,都表示不停的连续到现在 一种“ 实线式” 连续 ,如 expect,hope,learn,lie,live ,look , rain, sleep,sit,snow,stand,stay,study,teach, wait,want,work 等；但连续动词中的状态动词不能用于进行和完成进行时

35、态, 如 be,have 拥有 , own, belong to, know, understand, believe, love, like, concern 关系到 等,所以这些动词只能用于现在完成时表示连续到现在；Ive had this for years. 不能说 Ive been having this for years. Shes always believed in God. 不能说 She s always been believing in God. I ve been waiting since 9 a.m. = I ve waited since 瞬时性动词用于现在完

36、成进行时表示“ 虚线式” 连续含义,即一次一次的反复发生到现在；而它们用于现在完成时就表示过去的一次性动作对现在造成的影响或者到现在做了好多次或好多量了；Hes been jumping onto and off the table for half a hour. 他跳上桌子又跳下来,这样始终跳了半小时了 ；但：Hes jumped onto the table many times. 他已经跳上了桌子（现在的结果是：他在桌子上） ；/ 他已经跳上桌子很多次了；5 / 42 仍有些动词在现在完成时中是瞬时含义,在现在完成进行时中是连续含义,如：do, read, write, paint,

37、build 等；Shes been painting the wall. 她始终刷墙来着；Shes painted the wall. 她已经刷了那面墙；5一般过去时态：1形式：did 或连系动词was一主动：确定式使用动词的一般过去式构成；否定和疑问用助动词三单 / were 帮忙构成；被动： was / were done；2意义：过去发生过的行为或存在过的状态,只关注过去, 不示意现在仍是否有此行为或态；大多表示此行为或状态已不再存在；可以和详细过去时点或不连续到现在的时段连用,状如 yesterday, last week, ago, then, at that moment, in

38、the past, for+ 时段 , that night / morning , those days / years , this morning/morning 表示已经过去的时段时 A: Have you eaten yet. B: Yes, I have. I ate an hour ago. 等；如：I lived in Guangzhou for five years. 我在广州住过五年；现在住哪里不知道；I have lived / been living in Guangzhou for five years. 州或就要搬了 ；6过去进行时态：我在广州住了五年了；现在仍住在

39、广1主动形式和现在进行时态类似,只是be 的形式为was / were ；被动为was / were being done；2意义：和现在进行时完全对应,只是往过去推一步；7过去完成时态：had been done 1主动形式为had done；被动形式为2意义：和现在完成时态类似,只是往过去推一步；更晚的时间点 一个时间状语或一个过去时动作 和使用过去完成时的关键是：要有一个那个过去完成时态动作或状态对比存在；B,对 A 点造成影响或结果；行为B 就已完成用法： 过去 A 点之前就已经发生的行为用 过去完成时态；多用瞬时性动词；They had finished the job when I

40、 got there. We had had lunch by twelve o clock yesterday.但是相继发生的过去动作用表示承接关系的连词连接,都用一般过去时；She went to the baby and undressed him. She went to the baby, undressed him and put him in bed. 另外,表示两个几乎同时发生的瞬时动作的分句用表示“ 一 就 ” 的连词 when/ the momentminute / as soon as 连接起来,两个动作也都用一般过去时；When he opened the door,

41、the bird flew out. 他开门的时候,鸟飞了出去；假如要强调两个 动作之间的时间差,先发生的就用过去完成时；如：When he had opened the door, the bird flew out. 他把门打开之后, 鸟飞了出去； 这里的 when = after；未完成用法： 一个动作行为 B 在过去 A 点之前就开头始终连续到 A 点,仍要连续连续 或 刚刚终止；行为 B 就用过去完成时态；要用连续性动词,并且和表示连续到过去某点 的时段 状语连用,如：by+ 过去时点, since+过去时点； until then, up to then, for+ 时段等；如：

42、By six o clock they had worked for five hours. They had known each other for eight years when they got married. 8过去完成进行时态：类似于现在完成进行时态,只是往过去推一步；9将来表达法：4 will be 1形式：主动1 will do 2 is / am / are going to do 3 is / am / are doing doing 5 is / am / are to do 6 is / am / are just about to do 7 do / does 2

43、意义：will do will 可以作情态助动词表示坚决的意志、意愿等,也可以作时态助动词表示将来会发生的 事情；这里争论的是后者；前者会在情态助动词章节处理；A.表示说话时才做出的暂时打算,多用于对别人的话或四周环境做出的反应；Tom: The phone is ringing. Lucy: I ll go and answer it. 6 / 42 B.表示说话人依据自己的主观体会或学问对将来的客观事情的猜测；Take this medicine and you will get better soon. is / am / are going to do A.表示说话之前经过考虑的意图,

44、如：从下面语境看得出,明显说话前就已经做了预备；Ive bought some bricks. I m going to build a house. B.表示说话时已有迹象说明某客观事情会很快发生；如：Noticing the photocopy 复印 machine working very slowly, John knows that its going to take a long time to photocopy all the documents. is / am / are doing 表示按方案,支配很近的将来会发生某事；如：I am meeting Tom tonight

45、. He s taking me to the theatre.今晚我要见 Tom；他要带我去看戏；和 Tom 已经支配约好见面和他带我去看戏； will be doing A.在将来某一时点或某一时段会正在发生的事情,即所谓将来进行时；What will you be doing at 8 a.m. tomorrow morning. B.纯粹客观的谈将来会发生的事情；不含主语的意图；如：I ll be seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我会见到 Tom. 意指“ 我们会参与同一个会议或我们在一个办公室上班,所以会发生明天我见到 Tom 的客观事情； Tom won t be c

46、utting grass because he is ill or he has another job to do. Tom 不会割草 不是不情愿而是他生病了或者他有另外的工作要做 ； is / am / are to do A.传达第三方的命令或指示 主语的责任或义务 ；如： No one is to leave the room without the permission of the police. B.方案支配；如：They are to get married next week. 预定他们下周结婚； is / am / are just about to do = is / a

47、m / are on the point of sth / doing sth 表示即刻就要发生的事情；I am about to leave.我立刻要动身了； do / does 一般现在时表将来已经在前面谈过；9）将来完成时态A. 形式：主动 will have done ；被动 will have been done ；B. 意义：将来某一点会已经发生的动作行为或会已经连续多久；如：We will have worked for ten hours when she comes back. 10 过去将来表达法：1 形式： 1 would do2 was / were going to

48、do 3 was / were doing 4 would be doing 5 was / were to do 6 was / were just about to do 7 did 2 意义：和 7 种将来表达法对应的过去形式；只是：were / was to do 仍可以表示“ 过去没 想到会发生的事情”,所谓“ 过去命中注定的事”；如：The two young men joined in the cycling race, who were to be killed in a road accident. 没想到竟然出了交通事故丢了命；I lost my wallet, not k

49、nowing it was never to be found again 练习 挑选正确答案完成句子： .以后再也没找到了；1.I can guess you were in a hurry. You your sweater inside out. A had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing 2. We that you would fix the TV set this week. I m sorry. I to, but Ive been too busy.A. had expected； had intended B. are

50、expecting； had intended C. expect； intend D. expected； intend 3. He will stop showing off, if no notice of him. A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken 4. It is said that another new car factory now. Yeah. It one and a half years. A. is building ； takes B. is being built ； will take C. is

51、 built ； will take D. is being built ； takes 5. I m sorry, but I shouldnt have been so rude to you.7 / 42 You your temper but thats OK.A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing 6. Why. Tom, your shirt is so dirty. Mum, I my storeroom downstairs ；A. cleaned B. have worked C. was cleaning D.

52、 have been cleaning 7. They wont buy new clothes because they money to buy a color TV set. A. save B. are saving C. has saved D. were saving 8. Good heavens.There you are. We anxious about you, and we you back throughout the night. A. are； expect B. were； had expected C. have been；were expecting D.

53、are； were expecting 9. Ive finally finished my paper and it me an entire month. A. takes B. took C. was taken D. had taken 10. The traffic in our city is already good and it even better. A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting 11. Has Jack finished his homework yet. I have no idea；he it this morning

54、. A. was doing B. had been doing C. has done D. did 12. I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow. I m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I my guests in my office. A. is being met B. will meet C. will be meeting D. will have met 13. Alice came back home the day before yesterday

55、. Really . Where . A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone 14. John and I friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But weeach other a couple of times before that. A. had been； have met B. have been； have met C. had been； had met D. have b

56、een； had met 15. I ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 16. Ive won a holiday for two to Florida. I my mum. A. take B. am taking C. have taken D. will have taken 17. You haven t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do

57、you like it. I m sorry I anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasn t saying B. don t say C. won t say D. didnt say18. Where . I got stuck in the heavy traffic. I here earlier. A. did you go ； had arrived B. have you been； would have been C. were you ； would come D. are yo

58、u； was 19. I know Mr Brown ；we to each other at an international conference. A. are introduced B. have been introduced C. were introduced D. had been introduced 20. Where do you think he the computer. Sorry. I have no idea. A. has ； bought B. ； bought C. did ； buy D. had ； bought 21. I to a party, b

59、ut Ive got nothing to wear. Why don t you have a dress made for the party.A. was asked B. will ask C. have asked D. have been asked 22. I didnt like Aunt Lucy, who without warning and bringing us presents. A. always turned up B. has always turned up C. was always turning up D. was always turned up 2

60、3. What do you think of this kind of TV set, which in Shanghai. Well, I dont care such things.A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made 24. Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion. No, he , but he happened to have fallen ill. A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to